Internet access, female’s non-farm employment, and income effects: insights from China
Abstract Females’ participation in non-farm employment contributes prominently to social progress. Based on the data of 1674 rural females and 1656 urban females in China, this paper evaluates the effects of internet access and four specific online activities (online interaction, online service, onl...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Agricultural and Food Economics |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-025-00394-2 |
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| author | Kunxi Nie Yueji Zhu |
| author_facet | Kunxi Nie Yueji Zhu |
| author_sort | Kunxi Nie |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Females’ participation in non-farm employment contributes prominently to social progress. Based on the data of 1674 rural females and 1656 urban females in China, this paper evaluates the effects of internet access and four specific online activities (online interaction, online service, online learning, and online entertainment) on females’ non-farm employment using the endogenous switching Probit model. Further, the treatment effect model is employed to explore the role of online work, as a typical non-farm employment based on internet, in increasing household income and in reducing rural–urban income gap. The results show that internet access significantly contributes to females’ non-farm employment and the effect is stronger for rural females than urban females. In terms of online activities, participation in online interaction and online entertainment have positive impacts on rural females’ non-farm employment, while participation in online service, online learning and online entertainment exert positive effects on urban females’ non-farm employment. This study also finds that females’ online work increases household income in both rural and urban areas. The rural–urban income gap is narrowed since rural households’ income has been increased more than urban households. Thus, we propose implications for policy makers to support females in internet access and non-farm employment. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-eed79b8e35aa4d85a91e84257e3f8d73 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2193-7532 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agricultural and Food Economics |
| spelling | doaj-art-eed79b8e35aa4d85a91e84257e3f8d732025-08-20T03:42:39ZengSpringerOpenAgricultural and Food Economics2193-75322025-08-0113112910.1186/s40100-025-00394-2Internet access, female’s non-farm employment, and income effects: insights from ChinaKunxi Nie0Yueji Zhu1International Business School, Hainan UniversityInternational Business School, Hainan UniversityAbstract Females’ participation in non-farm employment contributes prominently to social progress. Based on the data of 1674 rural females and 1656 urban females in China, this paper evaluates the effects of internet access and four specific online activities (online interaction, online service, online learning, and online entertainment) on females’ non-farm employment using the endogenous switching Probit model. Further, the treatment effect model is employed to explore the role of online work, as a typical non-farm employment based on internet, in increasing household income and in reducing rural–urban income gap. The results show that internet access significantly contributes to females’ non-farm employment and the effect is stronger for rural females than urban females. In terms of online activities, participation in online interaction and online entertainment have positive impacts on rural females’ non-farm employment, while participation in online service, online learning and online entertainment exert positive effects on urban females’ non-farm employment. This study also finds that females’ online work increases household income in both rural and urban areas. The rural–urban income gap is narrowed since rural households’ income has been increased more than urban households. Thus, we propose implications for policy makers to support females in internet access and non-farm employment.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-025-00394-2Females’ non-farm employmentInternet accessHousehold incomeRural–urban income gap |
| spellingShingle | Kunxi Nie Yueji Zhu Internet access, female’s non-farm employment, and income effects: insights from China Agricultural and Food Economics Females’ non-farm employment Internet access Household income Rural–urban income gap |
| title | Internet access, female’s non-farm employment, and income effects: insights from China |
| title_full | Internet access, female’s non-farm employment, and income effects: insights from China |
| title_fullStr | Internet access, female’s non-farm employment, and income effects: insights from China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Internet access, female’s non-farm employment, and income effects: insights from China |
| title_short | Internet access, female’s non-farm employment, and income effects: insights from China |
| title_sort | internet access female s non farm employment and income effects insights from china |
| topic | Females’ non-farm employment Internet access Household income Rural–urban income gap |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-025-00394-2 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kunxinie internetaccessfemalesnonfarmemploymentandincomeeffectsinsightsfromchina AT yuejizhu internetaccessfemalesnonfarmemploymentandincomeeffectsinsightsfromchina |