Optimization and Benefit Assessment of LID Layout Based on the MCDA Approach at a Campus Scale
Low-impact development (LID) offers environmental, economic, and social benefits, yet research on optimizing facility combinations remains limited. This study evaluates four representative LID types—green roofs, sunken green spaces, permeable pavement, and rain gardens—using an integrated framework...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/7/1434 |
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| author | Zexin Lei Lijun Li Yanrou Wei Wenzheng Zhang Junjie Luo Xuqiang Zhao |
| author_facet | Zexin Lei Lijun Li Yanrou Wei Wenzheng Zhang Junjie Luo Xuqiang Zhao |
| author_sort | Zexin Lei |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Low-impact development (LID) offers environmental, economic, and social benefits, yet research on optimizing facility combinations remains limited. This study evaluates four representative LID types—green roofs, sunken green spaces, permeable pavement, and rain gardens—using an integrated framework combining the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), NSGA-II genetic algorithm, and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) at Taiyuan University of Technology in Shanxi Province, China. Based on site constraints, each LID type was pre-assigned to suitable subareas, and optimization focused on determining proportional allocations within these areas. SWMM simulations revealed that permeable paving achieved the highest runoff reduction (up to 19.4% at 65% coverage) and strong cost-effectiveness (0.013 USD per % reduction). NSGA-II was used to generate a set of optimal solutions by minimizing construction costs and maximizing runoff and pollutant reductions. AHP then ranked these solutions according to their environmental, economic, and social benefits. In this case, the ideal mix—subject to site-specific constraints and model assumptions—includes 28.58% green roofs, 19.37% sunken green spaces, 48.68% permeable paving, and 3.37% rain gardens. The study proposes a sponge campus renewal strategy, offering theoretical and practical insights for sustainable urban development and precise environmental management. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-eec03ce7643c42cb989f4c80cc24656f |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2073-445X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Land |
| spelling | doaj-art-eec03ce7643c42cb989f4c80cc24656f2025-08-20T02:45:49ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2025-07-01147143410.3390/land14071434Optimization and Benefit Assessment of LID Layout Based on the MCDA Approach at a Campus ScaleZexin Lei0Lijun Li1Yanrou Wei2Wenzheng Zhang3Junjie Luo4Xuqiang Zhao5College of Architecture and Art, Taiyuan University of Technology, No. 79 West Street Yingze, Taiyuan 030024, ChinaCollege of Architecture and Art, Taiyuan University of Technology, No. 79 West Street Yingze, Taiyuan 030024, ChinaCollege of Architecture and Art, Taiyuan University of Technology, No. 79 West Street Yingze, Taiyuan 030024, ChinaSchool of Architecture, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, ChinaCollege of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaShanxi Academy of Social Sciences, No. 14, South Road Dachang, Taiyuan 030032, ChinaLow-impact development (LID) offers environmental, economic, and social benefits, yet research on optimizing facility combinations remains limited. This study evaluates four representative LID types—green roofs, sunken green spaces, permeable pavement, and rain gardens—using an integrated framework combining the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), NSGA-II genetic algorithm, and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) at Taiyuan University of Technology in Shanxi Province, China. Based on site constraints, each LID type was pre-assigned to suitable subareas, and optimization focused on determining proportional allocations within these areas. SWMM simulations revealed that permeable paving achieved the highest runoff reduction (up to 19.4% at 65% coverage) and strong cost-effectiveness (0.013 USD per % reduction). NSGA-II was used to generate a set of optimal solutions by minimizing construction costs and maximizing runoff and pollutant reductions. AHP then ranked these solutions according to their environmental, economic, and social benefits. In this case, the ideal mix—subject to site-specific constraints and model assumptions—includes 28.58% green roofs, 19.37% sunken green spaces, 48.68% permeable paving, and 3.37% rain gardens. The study proposes a sponge campus renewal strategy, offering theoretical and practical insights for sustainable urban development and precise environmental management.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/7/1434stormwater managementLID layoutSWMMNSGA-IIAnalytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG) |
| spellingShingle | Zexin Lei Lijun Li Yanrou Wei Wenzheng Zhang Junjie Luo Xuqiang Zhao Optimization and Benefit Assessment of LID Layout Based on the MCDA Approach at a Campus Scale Land stormwater management LID layout SWMM NSGA-II Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG) |
| title | Optimization and Benefit Assessment of LID Layout Based on the MCDA Approach at a Campus Scale |
| title_full | Optimization and Benefit Assessment of LID Layout Based on the MCDA Approach at a Campus Scale |
| title_fullStr | Optimization and Benefit Assessment of LID Layout Based on the MCDA Approach at a Campus Scale |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimization and Benefit Assessment of LID Layout Based on the MCDA Approach at a Campus Scale |
| title_short | Optimization and Benefit Assessment of LID Layout Based on the MCDA Approach at a Campus Scale |
| title_sort | optimization and benefit assessment of lid layout based on the mcda approach at a campus scale |
| topic | stormwater management LID layout SWMM NSGA-II Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/7/1434 |
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