Seroprevalence and Molecular Analysis of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Kazakhstan
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) remains a major concern for cattle industries worldwide due to its persistent nature, economic impact, and challenges in control. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive nationwide survey of BLV in Kazakhstan between 2014 and 2024, utilizing serological diagnostics to...
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2025-07-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/7/956 |
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| author | Saltanat Mamanova Ainur Nurpeisova Elvira Bashenova Saira Kaimoldina Vladimir Kirpichenko Perizat Akshalova Aiken Karabassova Malik Yussupov Akzhigit Mashzhan Dauriya Tazhbayeva Zhandos Abay Marzena Rola-Luszczak Jacek Kuzmak Raikhan Nissanova Markhabat Kassenov |
| author_facet | Saltanat Mamanova Ainur Nurpeisova Elvira Bashenova Saira Kaimoldina Vladimir Kirpichenko Perizat Akshalova Aiken Karabassova Malik Yussupov Akzhigit Mashzhan Dauriya Tazhbayeva Zhandos Abay Marzena Rola-Luszczak Jacek Kuzmak Raikhan Nissanova Markhabat Kassenov |
| author_sort | Saltanat Mamanova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) remains a major concern for cattle industries worldwide due to its persistent nature, economic impact, and challenges in control. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive nationwide survey of BLV in Kazakhstan between 2014 and 2024, utilizing serological diagnostics to assess prevalence and characterize viral genotypes (2024). A total of 433,537 serum samples were screened by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), revealing an overall seroprevalence of 5.87%, with the highest rates observed in the North Kazakhstan, Kostanay, and East Kazakhstan regions. In 2024, a targeted analysis of 3736 serum and 536 whole blood samples across 17 regions was performed using AGID, ELISA, real-time PCR, and nested PCR. ELISA demonstrated higher sensitivity than AGID (10.4% vs. 8.2%), confirmed by statistical correlation (r = 0.97, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and a Wilcoxon signed-rank test (<i>p</i> = 0.026). Real-time PCR detected BLV DNA in 4.7% of samples, with the highest positivity in the East Kazakhstan and Abai regions, confirming active viral circulation. Validation of a domestically developed AGID diagnostic kit showed full concordance with commercial assays (IDEXX, IDvet), supporting its use in national surveillance programs. These findings highlight the endemic status of BLV in Kazakhstan. Molecular analysis of sequenced isolates revealed the presence of genotype G-7, consistent with strains circulating in neighboring countries. Together, these results underscore the importance of integrated serological and molecular approaches for effective monitoring and control. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ee88f3d3909044ac8df5fd159d961eaf |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj-art-ee88f3d3909044ac8df5fd159d961eaf2025-08-20T03:56:46ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152025-07-0117795610.3390/v17070956Seroprevalence and Molecular Analysis of Bovine Leukemia Virus in KazakhstanSaltanat Mamanova0Ainur Nurpeisova1Elvira Bashenova2Saira Kaimoldina3Vladimir Kirpichenko4Perizat Akshalova5Aiken Karabassova6Malik Yussupov7Akzhigit Mashzhan8Dauriya Tazhbayeva9Zhandos Abay10Marzena Rola-Luszczak11Jacek Kuzmak12Raikhan Nissanova13Markhabat Kassenov14Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, LLP, 223 Rayymbek Avenue, Almaty 050016, KazakhstanKazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, LLP, 223 Rayymbek Avenue, Almaty 050016, KazakhstanKazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, LLP, 223 Rayymbek Avenue, Almaty 050016, KazakhstanKazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, LLP, 223 Rayymbek Avenue, Almaty 050016, KazakhstanKazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, LLP, 223 Rayymbek Avenue, Almaty 050016, KazakhstanKazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, LLP, 223 Rayymbek Avenue, Almaty 050016, KazakhstanKazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, LLP, 223 Rayymbek Avenue, Almaty 050016, KazakhstanKazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, LLP, 223 Rayymbek Avenue, Almaty 050016, KazakhstanAlmaty Branch of the National Center for Biotechnology, 14 Zhahanger St., Almaty 050054, KazakhstanInstitute of Veterinary and Agrotechnology, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian Technical University, 51 Zhangir Khan Street, Uralsk 090009, KazakhstanKazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, LLP, 223 Rayymbek Avenue, Almaty 050016, KazakhstanWOAH Reference Laboratory for Enzootic Bovine Leukosis, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, PolandWOAH Reference Laboratory for Enzootic Bovine Leukosis, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, PolandKazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, LLP, 223 Rayymbek Avenue, Almaty 050016, KazakhstanKazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, LLP, 223 Rayymbek Avenue, Almaty 050016, KazakhstanBovine leukemia virus (BLV) remains a major concern for cattle industries worldwide due to its persistent nature, economic impact, and challenges in control. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive nationwide survey of BLV in Kazakhstan between 2014 and 2024, utilizing serological diagnostics to assess prevalence and characterize viral genotypes (2024). A total of 433,537 serum samples were screened by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), revealing an overall seroprevalence of 5.87%, with the highest rates observed in the North Kazakhstan, Kostanay, and East Kazakhstan regions. In 2024, a targeted analysis of 3736 serum and 536 whole blood samples across 17 regions was performed using AGID, ELISA, real-time PCR, and nested PCR. ELISA demonstrated higher sensitivity than AGID (10.4% vs. 8.2%), confirmed by statistical correlation (r = 0.97, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and a Wilcoxon signed-rank test (<i>p</i> = 0.026). Real-time PCR detected BLV DNA in 4.7% of samples, with the highest positivity in the East Kazakhstan and Abai regions, confirming active viral circulation. Validation of a domestically developed AGID diagnostic kit showed full concordance with commercial assays (IDEXX, IDvet), supporting its use in national surveillance programs. These findings highlight the endemic status of BLV in Kazakhstan. Molecular analysis of sequenced isolates revealed the presence of genotype G-7, consistent with strains circulating in neighboring countries. Together, these results underscore the importance of integrated serological and molecular approaches for effective monitoring and control.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/7/956bovine leukemia virusKazakhstanepizootic dynamicsmolecular epidemiology |
| spellingShingle | Saltanat Mamanova Ainur Nurpeisova Elvira Bashenova Saira Kaimoldina Vladimir Kirpichenko Perizat Akshalova Aiken Karabassova Malik Yussupov Akzhigit Mashzhan Dauriya Tazhbayeva Zhandos Abay Marzena Rola-Luszczak Jacek Kuzmak Raikhan Nissanova Markhabat Kassenov Seroprevalence and Molecular Analysis of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Kazakhstan Viruses bovine leukemia virus Kazakhstan epizootic dynamics molecular epidemiology |
| title | Seroprevalence and Molecular Analysis of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Kazakhstan |
| title_full | Seroprevalence and Molecular Analysis of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Kazakhstan |
| title_fullStr | Seroprevalence and Molecular Analysis of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Kazakhstan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Seroprevalence and Molecular Analysis of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Kazakhstan |
| title_short | Seroprevalence and Molecular Analysis of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Kazakhstan |
| title_sort | seroprevalence and molecular analysis of bovine leukemia virus in kazakhstan |
| topic | bovine leukemia virus Kazakhstan epizootic dynamics molecular epidemiology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/7/956 |
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