Signal-to-Noise Ratio Model and Imaging Performance Analysis of Photonic Integrated Interferometric System for Remote Sensing
Photonic integrated interferometric imaging systems (PIISs) provide a compact solution for high-resolution Earth observation missions with stringent size, weight, and power (SWaP) constraints. As an indirect imaging method, a PIIS exhibits fundamentally different noise response characteristics compa...
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| author | Chuang Zhang Yan He Qinghua Yu |
| author_facet | Chuang Zhang Yan He Qinghua Yu |
| author_sort | Chuang Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Photonic integrated interferometric imaging systems (PIISs) provide a compact solution for high-resolution Earth observation missions with stringent size, weight, and power (SWaP) constraints. As an indirect imaging method, a PIIS exhibits fundamentally different noise response characteristics compared to conventional remote sensing systems, and its imaging performance under practical operational scenarios has not been thoroughly investigated. The primary objective of this paper is to evaluate the operational capabilities of PIISs under remote sensing conditions. We (1) establish a signal-to-noise-ratio model for PIISs with balanced four-quadrature detection, (2) analyze the impacts of intensity noise and turbulent phase noise based on radiative transfer and turbulence models, and (3) simulate imaging performance with WorldView-3-like parameters. The results of the visibility signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) analysis demonstrate that the system’s minimum detectable fringe visibility is inversely proportional to the reciprocal of the sub-aperture intensity signal-to-noise ratio. When the integration time reaches 100 ms, the minimum detectable fringe visibility ranges between <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> (at 10 dB system efficiency). Imaging simulations demonstrate that recognizable image reconstruction requires integration times exceeding 10 ms for 10 cm baselines, achieving approximately 25 dB PSNR and 0.8 SSIM at 100 ms integration duration. These results may provide references for potential applications of photonic integrated interferometric imaging systems in remote sensing. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ee57fac2bb27446b972c53947871e55d |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj-art-ee57fac2bb27446b972c53947871e55d2025-08-20T02:31:08ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-04-01179148410.3390/rs17091484Signal-to-Noise Ratio Model and Imaging Performance Analysis of Photonic Integrated Interferometric System for Remote SensingChuang Zhang0Yan He1Qinghua Yu2National Key Laboratory of Infrared Detection Technologies and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Infrared Perception, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, ChinaNational Key Laboratory of Infrared Detection Technologies and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Infrared Perception, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, ChinaNational Key Laboratory of Infrared Detection Technologies and the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Infrared Perception, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, ChinaPhotonic integrated interferometric imaging systems (PIISs) provide a compact solution for high-resolution Earth observation missions with stringent size, weight, and power (SWaP) constraints. As an indirect imaging method, a PIIS exhibits fundamentally different noise response characteristics compared to conventional remote sensing systems, and its imaging performance under practical operational scenarios has not been thoroughly investigated. The primary objective of this paper is to evaluate the operational capabilities of PIISs under remote sensing conditions. We (1) establish a signal-to-noise-ratio model for PIISs with balanced four-quadrature detection, (2) analyze the impacts of intensity noise and turbulent phase noise based on radiative transfer and turbulence models, and (3) simulate imaging performance with WorldView-3-like parameters. The results of the visibility signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) analysis demonstrate that the system’s minimum detectable fringe visibility is inversely proportional to the reciprocal of the sub-aperture intensity signal-to-noise ratio. When the integration time reaches 100 ms, the minimum detectable fringe visibility ranges between <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> (at 10 dB system efficiency). Imaging simulations demonstrate that recognizable image reconstruction requires integration times exceeding 10 ms for 10 cm baselines, achieving approximately 25 dB PSNR and 0.8 SSIM at 100 ms integration duration. These results may provide references for potential applications of photonic integrated interferometric imaging systems in remote sensing.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/9/1484interferometric imagingsignal-to-noise ratioremote sensing |
| spellingShingle | Chuang Zhang Yan He Qinghua Yu Signal-to-Noise Ratio Model and Imaging Performance Analysis of Photonic Integrated Interferometric System for Remote Sensing Remote Sensing interferometric imaging signal-to-noise ratio remote sensing |
| title | Signal-to-Noise Ratio Model and Imaging Performance Analysis of Photonic Integrated Interferometric System for Remote Sensing |
| title_full | Signal-to-Noise Ratio Model and Imaging Performance Analysis of Photonic Integrated Interferometric System for Remote Sensing |
| title_fullStr | Signal-to-Noise Ratio Model and Imaging Performance Analysis of Photonic Integrated Interferometric System for Remote Sensing |
| title_full_unstemmed | Signal-to-Noise Ratio Model and Imaging Performance Analysis of Photonic Integrated Interferometric System for Remote Sensing |
| title_short | Signal-to-Noise Ratio Model and Imaging Performance Analysis of Photonic Integrated Interferometric System for Remote Sensing |
| title_sort | signal to noise ratio model and imaging performance analysis of photonic integrated interferometric system for remote sensing |
| topic | interferometric imaging signal-to-noise ratio remote sensing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/9/1484 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chuangzhang signaltonoiseratiomodelandimagingperformanceanalysisofphotonicintegratedinterferometricsystemforremotesensing AT yanhe signaltonoiseratiomodelandimagingperformanceanalysisofphotonicintegratedinterferometricsystemforremotesensing AT qinghuayu signaltonoiseratiomodelandimagingperformanceanalysisofphotonicintegratedinterferometricsystemforremotesensing |