Physiological effects of Solanum rostratum Dunal extract and cadmium chloride complex stress on rye seedlings under freeze-thaw conditions
Abstract Background Affected by global warming, freeze-thaw occurs more frequently in Northeast China. Meanwhile, as a major grain-producing area, this region is influenced by the invasive plant Solanum rostratum Dunal. Moreover, due to the long-term application of chemical fertilizers, soil cadmium...
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BMC
2025-07-01
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| Series: | BMC Plant Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-07001-y |
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| author | Tong Xiang Guozhang Bao Xinyu Pan Weiwei Chen Jinke Hu Guomei Li |
| author_facet | Tong Xiang Guozhang Bao Xinyu Pan Weiwei Chen Jinke Hu Guomei Li |
| author_sort | Tong Xiang |
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| description | Abstract Background Affected by global warming, freeze-thaw occurs more frequently in Northeast China. Meanwhile, as a major grain-producing area, this region is influenced by the invasive plant Solanum rostratum Dunal. Moreover, due to the long-term application of chemical fertilizers, soil cadmium pollution has been aggravated. Therefore, crops in Northeast China may suffer from compound stress simultaneously. However, the impact of combined stress on plants has not been given enough attention, and the interrelationships between different stresses have not been thoroughly studied. This experiment adopted the indoor simulation method. By determining the changing trends and amplitudes of relative conductivity (RC), soluble protein (SP), chlorophyll (Chl), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), the influence effects of the combined stress of freeze-thaw, S. rostratum extract, and cadmium chloride on the growth and metabolism of seedlings could be judged. Results Under the combined stress of freeze-thaw, cadmium chloride, and S. rostratum extract, the growth of rye seedlings was inhibited; The relative conductivity (RC) increased by 1.92–71.07%, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased by 17.34–28.11%; The soluble protein (SP) content decreased by 17.82–22.14%; The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) both increased, but POD activity was inhibited at the lowest point of freeze-thaw (-5℃); The chlorophyll (Chl) content decreased by 9.68–19.67%. Conclusion Stress affects osmotic pressure, and seedlings need to accumulate osmoregulatory substances to maintain cell osmotic balance. Compared to a single stress factor, the combined stress of freeze-thaw, cadmium chloride, and S. rostratum extract further enhanced the physiological damage to plants. This compound stress leads to electrolyte leakage, intensified membrane lipid peroxidation, inhibition of protein synthesis, increased osmotic pressure, and disruption of cell osmotic balance. Combined stress further promotes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the seedlings, leading to oxidative damage and inhibiting photosynthesis. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ee27b182681a4a65b996ec4d2b57f6a1 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1471-2229 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | BMC Plant Biology |
| spelling | doaj-art-ee27b182681a4a65b996ec4d2b57f6a12025-08-20T04:01:56ZengBMCBMC Plant Biology1471-22292025-07-0125111110.1186/s12870-025-07001-yPhysiological effects of Solanum rostratum Dunal extract and cadmium chloride complex stress on rye seedlings under freeze-thaw conditionsTong Xiang0Guozhang Bao1Xinyu Pan2Weiwei Chen3Jinke Hu4Guomei Li5Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University), Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin UniversityKey Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University), Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin UniversityKey Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University), Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin UniversityKey Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University), Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin UniversityKey Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University), Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin UniversityYushu Forestry and Grassland Comprehensive Service CenterAbstract Background Affected by global warming, freeze-thaw occurs more frequently in Northeast China. Meanwhile, as a major grain-producing area, this region is influenced by the invasive plant Solanum rostratum Dunal. Moreover, due to the long-term application of chemical fertilizers, soil cadmium pollution has been aggravated. Therefore, crops in Northeast China may suffer from compound stress simultaneously. However, the impact of combined stress on plants has not been given enough attention, and the interrelationships between different stresses have not been thoroughly studied. This experiment adopted the indoor simulation method. By determining the changing trends and amplitudes of relative conductivity (RC), soluble protein (SP), chlorophyll (Chl), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), the influence effects of the combined stress of freeze-thaw, S. rostratum extract, and cadmium chloride on the growth and metabolism of seedlings could be judged. Results Under the combined stress of freeze-thaw, cadmium chloride, and S. rostratum extract, the growth of rye seedlings was inhibited; The relative conductivity (RC) increased by 1.92–71.07%, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased by 17.34–28.11%; The soluble protein (SP) content decreased by 17.82–22.14%; The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) both increased, but POD activity was inhibited at the lowest point of freeze-thaw (-5℃); The chlorophyll (Chl) content decreased by 9.68–19.67%. Conclusion Stress affects osmotic pressure, and seedlings need to accumulate osmoregulatory substances to maintain cell osmotic balance. Compared to a single stress factor, the combined stress of freeze-thaw, cadmium chloride, and S. rostratum extract further enhanced the physiological damage to plants. This compound stress leads to electrolyte leakage, intensified membrane lipid peroxidation, inhibition of protein synthesis, increased osmotic pressure, and disruption of cell osmotic balance. Combined stress further promotes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the seedlings, leading to oxidative damage and inhibiting photosynthesis.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-07001-yFreeze-thawCadmium stressAllelopathyInvasive plantCombined stressesPlant physiology |
| spellingShingle | Tong Xiang Guozhang Bao Xinyu Pan Weiwei Chen Jinke Hu Guomei Li Physiological effects of Solanum rostratum Dunal extract and cadmium chloride complex stress on rye seedlings under freeze-thaw conditions BMC Plant Biology Freeze-thaw Cadmium stress Allelopathy Invasive plant Combined stresses Plant physiology |
| title | Physiological effects of Solanum rostratum Dunal extract and cadmium chloride complex stress on rye seedlings under freeze-thaw conditions |
| title_full | Physiological effects of Solanum rostratum Dunal extract and cadmium chloride complex stress on rye seedlings under freeze-thaw conditions |
| title_fullStr | Physiological effects of Solanum rostratum Dunal extract and cadmium chloride complex stress on rye seedlings under freeze-thaw conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Physiological effects of Solanum rostratum Dunal extract and cadmium chloride complex stress on rye seedlings under freeze-thaw conditions |
| title_short | Physiological effects of Solanum rostratum Dunal extract and cadmium chloride complex stress on rye seedlings under freeze-thaw conditions |
| title_sort | physiological effects of solanum rostratum dunal extract and cadmium chloride complex stress on rye seedlings under freeze thaw conditions |
| topic | Freeze-thaw Cadmium stress Allelopathy Invasive plant Combined stresses Plant physiology |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-07001-y |
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