The Clinically Significant Changes in the Composition and Functional Diversity of the Vaginal Microbiome in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) significantly influences the composition and diversity of the vaginal microbiome, with implications for mucosal immunity, infection risk, and genitourinary health. This study aimed to investigate the vaginal microbiome profiles in women with T2DM, with a focus on diff...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-06-01
|
| Series: | Microorganisms |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/6/1426 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849432462507114496 |
|---|---|
| author | Min Jeong Kim Jaeeun Yoo Soonjib Yoo Mi Yeon Kwon Seungok Lee Myungshin Kim |
| author_facet | Min Jeong Kim Jaeeun Yoo Soonjib Yoo Mi Yeon Kwon Seungok Lee Myungshin Kim |
| author_sort | Min Jeong Kim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) significantly influences the composition and diversity of the vaginal microbiome, with implications for mucosal immunity, infection risk, and genitourinary health. This study aimed to investigate the vaginal microbiome profiles in women with T2DM, with a focus on differences according to menopausal status and associations with Candida colonization and the use of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Compared to healthy controls, women with T2DM exhibited a decreased abundance of <i>Lactobacillus</i> species and increased microbial diversity. Community state of type (CST) IV, characterized by low <i>Lactobacillus</i> abundance and dominance of anaerobic taxa, was prevalent in the T2DM group. Among <i>Candida</i>-positive patients, <i>Lactobacillus iners</i>-dominant CST III was frequently observed, along with elevated levels of total and L-lactic acid. SGLT2 inhibitor users exhibited a different CST distribution pattern and slightly lower microbial richness and diversity, although these differences were not statistically significant. These findings underscore the impact of T2DM and its treatment on vaginal microbial composition and highlight the importance of considering vaginal health as part of comprehensive diabetes management in women. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ee1b50a1812349a1b31538d27ced785e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj-art-ee1b50a1812349a1b31538d27ced785e2025-08-20T03:27:21ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072025-06-01136142610.3390/microorganisms13061426The Clinically Significant Changes in the Composition and Functional Diversity of the Vaginal Microbiome in Women with Type 2 Diabetes MellitusMin Jeong Kim0Jaeeun Yoo1Soonjib Yoo2Mi Yeon Kwon3Seungok Lee4Myungshin Kim5Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Endocrinology, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Clinical Medicine Research, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of KoreaType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) significantly influences the composition and diversity of the vaginal microbiome, with implications for mucosal immunity, infection risk, and genitourinary health. This study aimed to investigate the vaginal microbiome profiles in women with T2DM, with a focus on differences according to menopausal status and associations with Candida colonization and the use of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Compared to healthy controls, women with T2DM exhibited a decreased abundance of <i>Lactobacillus</i> species and increased microbial diversity. Community state of type (CST) IV, characterized by low <i>Lactobacillus</i> abundance and dominance of anaerobic taxa, was prevalent in the T2DM group. Among <i>Candida</i>-positive patients, <i>Lactobacillus iners</i>-dominant CST III was frequently observed, along with elevated levels of total and L-lactic acid. SGLT2 inhibitor users exhibited a different CST distribution pattern and slightly lower microbial richness and diversity, although these differences were not statistically significant. These findings underscore the impact of T2DM and its treatment on vaginal microbial composition and highlight the importance of considering vaginal health as part of comprehensive diabetes management in women.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/6/1426microbiomecommunity state typetype 2 diabetes mellitusSGLT2 inhibitorcandida |
| spellingShingle | Min Jeong Kim Jaeeun Yoo Soonjib Yoo Mi Yeon Kwon Seungok Lee Myungshin Kim The Clinically Significant Changes in the Composition and Functional Diversity of the Vaginal Microbiome in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Microorganisms microbiome community state type type 2 diabetes mellitus SGLT2 inhibitor candida |
| title | The Clinically Significant Changes in the Composition and Functional Diversity of the Vaginal Microbiome in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
| title_full | The Clinically Significant Changes in the Composition and Functional Diversity of the Vaginal Microbiome in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
| title_fullStr | The Clinically Significant Changes in the Composition and Functional Diversity of the Vaginal Microbiome in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Clinically Significant Changes in the Composition and Functional Diversity of the Vaginal Microbiome in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
| title_short | The Clinically Significant Changes in the Composition and Functional Diversity of the Vaginal Microbiome in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
| title_sort | clinically significant changes in the composition and functional diversity of the vaginal microbiome in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| topic | microbiome community state type type 2 diabetes mellitus SGLT2 inhibitor candida |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/6/1426 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT minjeongkim theclinicallysignificantchangesinthecompositionandfunctionaldiversityofthevaginalmicrobiomeinwomenwithtype2diabetesmellitus AT jaeeunyoo theclinicallysignificantchangesinthecompositionandfunctionaldiversityofthevaginalmicrobiomeinwomenwithtype2diabetesmellitus AT soonjibyoo theclinicallysignificantchangesinthecompositionandfunctionaldiversityofthevaginalmicrobiomeinwomenwithtype2diabetesmellitus AT miyeonkwon theclinicallysignificantchangesinthecompositionandfunctionaldiversityofthevaginalmicrobiomeinwomenwithtype2diabetesmellitus AT seungoklee theclinicallysignificantchangesinthecompositionandfunctionaldiversityofthevaginalmicrobiomeinwomenwithtype2diabetesmellitus AT myungshinkim theclinicallysignificantchangesinthecompositionandfunctionaldiversityofthevaginalmicrobiomeinwomenwithtype2diabetesmellitus AT minjeongkim clinicallysignificantchangesinthecompositionandfunctionaldiversityofthevaginalmicrobiomeinwomenwithtype2diabetesmellitus AT jaeeunyoo clinicallysignificantchangesinthecompositionandfunctionaldiversityofthevaginalmicrobiomeinwomenwithtype2diabetesmellitus AT soonjibyoo clinicallysignificantchangesinthecompositionandfunctionaldiversityofthevaginalmicrobiomeinwomenwithtype2diabetesmellitus AT miyeonkwon clinicallysignificantchangesinthecompositionandfunctionaldiversityofthevaginalmicrobiomeinwomenwithtype2diabetesmellitus AT seungoklee clinicallysignificantchangesinthecompositionandfunctionaldiversityofthevaginalmicrobiomeinwomenwithtype2diabetesmellitus AT myungshinkim clinicallysignificantchangesinthecompositionandfunctionaldiversityofthevaginalmicrobiomeinwomenwithtype2diabetesmellitus |