Bromophenols in Red Algae: Exploring the Chemistry and Uncovering Biological Benefits of These Unknown Compounds
Bromophenols, which belong to the family of phenolic compounds, are halogenated secondary metabolites characterized by the incorporation of bromine atoms into the phenol ring structure, resulting in unique chemical properties. These compounds, synthesized as secondary metabolites by algae, exhibit d...
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2024-11-01
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| author | Paula Barciela Maria Carpena Ana Perez-Vazquez Aurora Silva Ana Olivia S. Jorge Miguel A. Prieto |
| author_facet | Paula Barciela Maria Carpena Ana Perez-Vazquez Aurora Silva Ana Olivia S. Jorge Miguel A. Prieto |
| author_sort | Paula Barciela |
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| description | Bromophenols, which belong to the family of phenolic compounds, are halogenated secondary metabolites characterized by the incorporation of bromine atoms into the phenol ring structure, resulting in unique chemical properties. These compounds, synthesized as secondary metabolites by algae, exhibit different isomeric forms due to bromine substitution at different positions within the phenol ring, showing variability among species. Bromine substitution not only confers specific chemical properties but also plays an important role in the ecological functions of bromophenols by inducing increased lipophilicity, which affects solubility and reactivity, an adaptive response to external conditions. Certain genera of red algae, such as <i>Gracilaria</i> and <i>Rhodomela</i>, have been identified as important sources of bromophenols. Research on bromophenols involves extraction, commonly using solvents such as methanol or methanol-dichloromethane, and identification and structural elucidation using advanced analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the precise determination of structure and configuration. Bromophenols display diverse biological activities, highlighting antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiviral and antioxidant properties, which are closely related to their specific chemical structure. The importance of understanding the chemical group of bromophenols is underlined by their role in chemical defense mechanisms, contributing to potential biotechnological applications and broader contributions to the marine ecosystem. Therefore, this study is aimed to review the chemical characteristics and biological properties of bromophenols in red algae. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-edde34a1816242e1ae94d537637d28ec2025-08-20T02:42:39ZengMDPI AGBiology and Life Sciences Forum2673-99762024-11-013511110.3390/blsf2024035011Bromophenols in Red Algae: Exploring the Chemistry and Uncovering Biological Benefits of These Unknown CompoundsPaula Barciela0Maria Carpena1Ana Perez-Vazquez2Aurora Silva3Ana Olivia S. Jorge4Miguel A. Prieto5Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA)—CITEXVI, 36310 Vigo, SpainUniversidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA)—CITEXVI, 36310 Vigo, SpainUniversidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA)—CITEXVI, 36310 Vigo, SpainUniversidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA)—CITEXVI, 36310 Vigo, SpainUniversidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA)—CITEXVI, 36310 Vigo, SpainUniversidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Instituto de Agroecoloxía e Alimentación (IAA)—CITEXVI, 36310 Vigo, SpainBromophenols, which belong to the family of phenolic compounds, are halogenated secondary metabolites characterized by the incorporation of bromine atoms into the phenol ring structure, resulting in unique chemical properties. These compounds, synthesized as secondary metabolites by algae, exhibit different isomeric forms due to bromine substitution at different positions within the phenol ring, showing variability among species. Bromine substitution not only confers specific chemical properties but also plays an important role in the ecological functions of bromophenols by inducing increased lipophilicity, which affects solubility and reactivity, an adaptive response to external conditions. Certain genera of red algae, such as <i>Gracilaria</i> and <i>Rhodomela</i>, have been identified as important sources of bromophenols. Research on bromophenols involves extraction, commonly using solvents such as methanol or methanol-dichloromethane, and identification and structural elucidation using advanced analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the precise determination of structure and configuration. Bromophenols display diverse biological activities, highlighting antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiviral and antioxidant properties, which are closely related to their specific chemical structure. The importance of understanding the chemical group of bromophenols is underlined by their role in chemical defense mechanisms, contributing to potential biotechnological applications and broader contributions to the marine ecosystem. Therefore, this study is aimed to review the chemical characteristics and biological properties of bromophenols in red algae.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9976/35/1/11bromophenolsphenolic compoundssecondary metabolitesred algae |
| spellingShingle | Paula Barciela Maria Carpena Ana Perez-Vazquez Aurora Silva Ana Olivia S. Jorge Miguel A. Prieto Bromophenols in Red Algae: Exploring the Chemistry and Uncovering Biological Benefits of These Unknown Compounds Biology and Life Sciences Forum bromophenols phenolic compounds secondary metabolites red algae |
| title | Bromophenols in Red Algae: Exploring the Chemistry and Uncovering Biological Benefits of These Unknown Compounds |
| title_full | Bromophenols in Red Algae: Exploring the Chemistry and Uncovering Biological Benefits of These Unknown Compounds |
| title_fullStr | Bromophenols in Red Algae: Exploring the Chemistry and Uncovering Biological Benefits of These Unknown Compounds |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bromophenols in Red Algae: Exploring the Chemistry and Uncovering Biological Benefits of These Unknown Compounds |
| title_short | Bromophenols in Red Algae: Exploring the Chemistry and Uncovering Biological Benefits of These Unknown Compounds |
| title_sort | bromophenols in red algae exploring the chemistry and uncovering biological benefits of these unknown compounds |
| topic | bromophenols phenolic compounds secondary metabolites red algae |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9976/35/1/11 |
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