The association between urinary antibiotics levels and the risk of adolescent depression
Abstract Antibiotics, through exposure via medication, food, and contaminated water, are recognized as risk factors for mental disorders in adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate the risks of antibiotic exposure in adolescents with depression. Sixty-two adolescents were divided into two groups ba...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-07-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09687-4 |
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| author | Yaling Jin Xia Jin Zhenhua Ge Jianbiao Zhang Yaqin Ding Peijuan Wang Jiancheng Qiu Chao Liu Zhenghui Yi Ningwei Zhao Ning Shen Xuming Wu Qi Yan |
| author_facet | Yaling Jin Xia Jin Zhenhua Ge Jianbiao Zhang Yaqin Ding Peijuan Wang Jiancheng Qiu Chao Liu Zhenghui Yi Ningwei Zhao Ning Shen Xuming Wu Qi Yan |
| author_sort | Yaling Jin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Antibiotics, through exposure via medication, food, and contaminated water, are recognized as risk factors for mental disorders in adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate the risks of antibiotic exposure in adolescents with depression. Sixty-two adolescents were divided into two groups based on their diagnoses: 32 in the healthy control group and 30 in the depression group. All urine samples were collected in the morning and subjected to urinary antibiotic analysis using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Levels of four commonly used antibiotics—azithromycin, sulfadimidine, ofloxacin, and ampicillin—were measured in urine. The levels of all four antibiotics were significantly higher in the depression group and positively correlated with the HAMA score. Azithromycin (OR = 1.05, P = 0.002), sulfadimidine (OR = 1.22, P < 0.001), ofloxacin (OR = 3.79, P < 0.001), and ampicillin (OR = 352.57, P < 0.001) were risk factors for depression in adolescents. The ROC curve showed that the combination of all four urinary antibiotics exhibited the best performance in the prediction of the adolescent depression (AUC = 0.814, P < 0.001). Our study reveals antibiotic exposure is a modifiable risk factor for adolescent depression. Urinary antibiotic levels, particularly when combined, demonstrate potential as a screening tool for depression risk in adolescents. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-eda484174c6e47c98c2fecd8389aa873 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-eda484174c6e47c98c2fecd8389aa8732025-08-20T03:03:42ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-011511810.1038/s41598-025-09687-4The association between urinary antibiotics levels and the risk of adolescent depressionYaling Jin0Xia Jin1Zhenhua Ge2Jianbiao Zhang3Yaqin Ding4Peijuan Wang5Jiancheng Qiu6Chao Liu7Zhenghui Yi8Ningwei Zhao9Ning Shen10Xuming Wu11Qi Yan12Nantong 4th People’s Hospital, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Nantong Mental Health CenterNantong Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nantong Children’s HospitalNantong 4th People’s Hospital, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Nantong Mental Health CenterNantong 4th People’s Hospital, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Nantong Mental Health CenterNantong 4th People’s Hospital, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Nantong Mental Health CenterNantong 4th People’s Hospital, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Nantong Mental Health CenterNantong 4th People’s Hospital, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Nantong Mental Health CenterNantong 4th People’s Hospital, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Nantong Mental Health CenterNantong 4th People’s Hospital, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Nantong Mental Health CenterChina Exposomics Institute (CEI) Precision Medicine Co. LtdNantong 4th People’s Hospital, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Nantong Mental Health CenterNantong 4th People’s Hospital, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Nantong Mental Health CenterNantong 4th People’s Hospital, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Nantong Mental Health CenterAbstract Antibiotics, through exposure via medication, food, and contaminated water, are recognized as risk factors for mental disorders in adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate the risks of antibiotic exposure in adolescents with depression. Sixty-two adolescents were divided into two groups based on their diagnoses: 32 in the healthy control group and 30 in the depression group. All urine samples were collected in the morning and subjected to urinary antibiotic analysis using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Levels of four commonly used antibiotics—azithromycin, sulfadimidine, ofloxacin, and ampicillin—were measured in urine. The levels of all four antibiotics were significantly higher in the depression group and positively correlated with the HAMA score. Azithromycin (OR = 1.05, P = 0.002), sulfadimidine (OR = 1.22, P < 0.001), ofloxacin (OR = 3.79, P < 0.001), and ampicillin (OR = 352.57, P < 0.001) were risk factors for depression in adolescents. The ROC curve showed that the combination of all four urinary antibiotics exhibited the best performance in the prediction of the adolescent depression (AUC = 0.814, P < 0.001). Our study reveals antibiotic exposure is a modifiable risk factor for adolescent depression. Urinary antibiotic levels, particularly when combined, demonstrate potential as a screening tool for depression risk in adolescents.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09687-4Adolescent depressionUrinary antibioticsGut microbiotaBiomarkers |
| spellingShingle | Yaling Jin Xia Jin Zhenhua Ge Jianbiao Zhang Yaqin Ding Peijuan Wang Jiancheng Qiu Chao Liu Zhenghui Yi Ningwei Zhao Ning Shen Xuming Wu Qi Yan The association between urinary antibiotics levels and the risk of adolescent depression Scientific Reports Adolescent depression Urinary antibiotics Gut microbiota Biomarkers |
| title | The association between urinary antibiotics levels and the risk of adolescent depression |
| title_full | The association between urinary antibiotics levels and the risk of adolescent depression |
| title_fullStr | The association between urinary antibiotics levels and the risk of adolescent depression |
| title_full_unstemmed | The association between urinary antibiotics levels and the risk of adolescent depression |
| title_short | The association between urinary antibiotics levels and the risk of adolescent depression |
| title_sort | association between urinary antibiotics levels and the risk of adolescent depression |
| topic | Adolescent depression Urinary antibiotics Gut microbiota Biomarkers |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09687-4 |
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