Validation and Analysis of Recreational Runners’ Kinematics Obtained from a Sacral IMU

Our aim was to validate a sacral-mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU) for reconstructing running kinematics and comparing movement patterns within and between runners. IMU data were processed using Kalman and complementary filters separately. RMSE and Bland–Altman analysis assessed the validity o...

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Main Authors: Hossein Asgari, Ben Heller
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:Sensors
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/2/315
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author Hossein Asgari
Ben Heller
author_facet Hossein Asgari
Ben Heller
author_sort Hossein Asgari
collection DOAJ
description Our aim was to validate a sacral-mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU) for reconstructing running kinematics and comparing movement patterns within and between runners. IMU data were processed using Kalman and complementary filters separately. RMSE and Bland–Altman analysis assessed the validity of each filtering method against a motion capture system. Running data from 24 recreational runners were analyzed using Fourier transform coefficients, PCA, and k-means clustering. High agreement was found for Kalman-filtered data in the frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes, with a Bland–Altman bias of ~2 mm on average, compared to a bias of ~10.5 mm for complementary-filtered data. Pelvic angles calculated from Kalman-filtered data had superior agreement, with systematic biases of ~0.3 versus 3.4 degrees for complementary-filtered data. Our findings suggest that inertial sensors are viable alternatives to motion capture for reconstructing pelvic running kinematics and movement patterns. In the second part of our study, negligible intra-individual differences were observed with changes in speed, while inter-individual differences were large. Two clusters of runners were identified, each showing distinct movement patterns and ranges of motion. These observations highlight the potential usefulness of inertial sensors for performance analysis and rehabilitation as they may permit the use of individual-specific and cluster-specific practice programs.
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spelling doaj-art-ed509d659750417cae56d20ccccf75542025-01-24T13:48:29ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-01-0125231510.3390/s25020315Validation and Analysis of Recreational Runners’ Kinematics Obtained from a Sacral IMUHossein Asgari0Ben Heller1Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Olympic Legacy Park, 2 Old Hall Rd, Sheffield S9 3TY, UKSport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Olympic Legacy Park, 2 Old Hall Rd, Sheffield S9 3TY, UKOur aim was to validate a sacral-mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU) for reconstructing running kinematics and comparing movement patterns within and between runners. IMU data were processed using Kalman and complementary filters separately. RMSE and Bland–Altman analysis assessed the validity of each filtering method against a motion capture system. Running data from 24 recreational runners were analyzed using Fourier transform coefficients, PCA, and k-means clustering. High agreement was found for Kalman-filtered data in the frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes, with a Bland–Altman bias of ~2 mm on average, compared to a bias of ~10.5 mm for complementary-filtered data. Pelvic angles calculated from Kalman-filtered data had superior agreement, with systematic biases of ~0.3 versus 3.4 degrees for complementary-filtered data. Our findings suggest that inertial sensors are viable alternatives to motion capture for reconstructing pelvic running kinematics and movement patterns. In the second part of our study, negligible intra-individual differences were observed with changes in speed, while inter-individual differences were large. Two clusters of runners were identified, each showing distinct movement patterns and ranges of motion. These observations highlight the potential usefulness of inertial sensors for performance analysis and rehabilitation as they may permit the use of individual-specific and cluster-specific practice programs.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/2/315running biomechanicsrunning kinematicsrunning movement patternsinertial measurement unitwearable sensorclustering runners
spellingShingle Hossein Asgari
Ben Heller
Validation and Analysis of Recreational Runners’ Kinematics Obtained from a Sacral IMU
Sensors
running biomechanics
running kinematics
running movement patterns
inertial measurement unit
wearable sensor
clustering runners
title Validation and Analysis of Recreational Runners’ Kinematics Obtained from a Sacral IMU
title_full Validation and Analysis of Recreational Runners’ Kinematics Obtained from a Sacral IMU
title_fullStr Validation and Analysis of Recreational Runners’ Kinematics Obtained from a Sacral IMU
title_full_unstemmed Validation and Analysis of Recreational Runners’ Kinematics Obtained from a Sacral IMU
title_short Validation and Analysis of Recreational Runners’ Kinematics Obtained from a Sacral IMU
title_sort validation and analysis of recreational runners kinematics obtained from a sacral imu
topic running biomechanics
running kinematics
running movement patterns
inertial measurement unit
wearable sensor
clustering runners
url https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/2/315
work_keys_str_mv AT hosseinasgari validationandanalysisofrecreationalrunnerskinematicsobtainedfromasacralimu
AT benheller validationandanalysisofrecreationalrunnerskinematicsobtainedfromasacralimu