Reporting the standard error of the mean: a critical analysis of three journals in manual medicine
Abstract Background In the realm of biomedical research articles, authors typically utilize descriptive statistics to outline the characteristics of their study samples. The standard deviation (SD) serves to illustrate variability among the individuals in a sample, whereas the standard error of the...
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BMC
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Chiropractic & Manual Therapies |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-025-00587-y |
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| author | Alen Manovic Ebba Immelsjö Iben Axen Per J. Palmgren |
| author_facet | Alen Manovic Ebba Immelsjö Iben Axen Per J. Palmgren |
| author_sort | Alen Manovic |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background In the realm of biomedical research articles, authors typically utilize descriptive statistics to outline the characteristics of their study samples. The standard deviation (SD) serves to illustrate variability among the individuals in a sample, whereas the standard error of the mean (SEM) conveys the level of uncertainty associated with the sample mean’s representation of the population mean. It is not unusual for authors of scientific articles to incorrectly utilize the SEM rather than the SD when explaining data variability. This is problematic because the SEM is consistently smaller than the SD, which could cause readers to underestimate variation in the data. In medical journals, inappropriate use has been found in 14–64% of articles. Moreover, in the field of musculoskeletal health and manual medicine, there is a noticeable absence of literature on the appropriate presentation of statistics. Aim The aim of this study was to map the frequency of inappropriate reporting of SEM in articles published over a three-year period in three prominent journals in manual medicine. Methods In this critical analysis, all articles in three journals – BMC Chiropractic and Manual Therapies (CMT), Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics (JMPT) and Musculoskeletal Science and Practice: An International Journal of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy (MSP) – published between 2017 and 2019 were analysed based on descriptive statistics that inappropriately or vaguely reported SEMs. Results In total, 790 articles were analysed from the three journals, 487 of which were found to report the SEM. Among these articles, we identified a frequency of 1.4% of inadequate SEM use. The investigation also showed that in 2.5% of the cases, authors did not clarify whether the ± sign presented in text, tables or figures expressed SDs or SEMs. Conclusion There was a low frequency (1.4%) of inaccurately reported SEMs in scientific journals focusing on manual medicine, which was notably lower than studies conducted in other fields. Additionally, it was noted that in 2.5% of the articles, the ± sign was not adequately defined, which could lead to confusion among readers and hinder the interpretation of the results. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ed189229430c4ed9821bcc2332868d21 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2045-709X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Chiropractic & Manual Therapies |
| spelling | doaj-art-ed189229430c4ed9821bcc2332868d212025-08-20T02:30:42ZengBMCChiropractic & Manual Therapies2045-709X2025-06-013311910.1186/s12998-025-00587-yReporting the standard error of the mean: a critical analysis of three journals in manual medicineAlen Manovic0Ebba Immelsjö1Iben Axen2Per J. Palmgren3Hälsosam Rörlighet NaprapatiMuskelcentrumUnit of Intervention and Implementation Research for Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM)Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics (LIME)Abstract Background In the realm of biomedical research articles, authors typically utilize descriptive statistics to outline the characteristics of their study samples. The standard deviation (SD) serves to illustrate variability among the individuals in a sample, whereas the standard error of the mean (SEM) conveys the level of uncertainty associated with the sample mean’s representation of the population mean. It is not unusual for authors of scientific articles to incorrectly utilize the SEM rather than the SD when explaining data variability. This is problematic because the SEM is consistently smaller than the SD, which could cause readers to underestimate variation in the data. In medical journals, inappropriate use has been found in 14–64% of articles. Moreover, in the field of musculoskeletal health and manual medicine, there is a noticeable absence of literature on the appropriate presentation of statistics. Aim The aim of this study was to map the frequency of inappropriate reporting of SEM in articles published over a three-year period in three prominent journals in manual medicine. Methods In this critical analysis, all articles in three journals – BMC Chiropractic and Manual Therapies (CMT), Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics (JMPT) and Musculoskeletal Science and Practice: An International Journal of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy (MSP) – published between 2017 and 2019 were analysed based on descriptive statistics that inappropriately or vaguely reported SEMs. Results In total, 790 articles were analysed from the three journals, 487 of which were found to report the SEM. Among these articles, we identified a frequency of 1.4% of inadequate SEM use. The investigation also showed that in 2.5% of the cases, authors did not clarify whether the ± sign presented in text, tables or figures expressed SDs or SEMs. Conclusion There was a low frequency (1.4%) of inaccurately reported SEMs in scientific journals focusing on manual medicine, which was notably lower than studies conducted in other fields. Additionally, it was noted that in 2.5% of the articles, the ± sign was not adequately defined, which could lead to confusion among readers and hinder the interpretation of the results.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-025-00587-yStatisticsStatistics as a topicStandard deviationStandard error of the meanDescriptive statisticsAnd Variability of the study sample |
| spellingShingle | Alen Manovic Ebba Immelsjö Iben Axen Per J. Palmgren Reporting the standard error of the mean: a critical analysis of three journals in manual medicine Chiropractic & Manual Therapies Statistics Statistics as a topic Standard deviation Standard error of the mean Descriptive statistics And Variability of the study sample |
| title | Reporting the standard error of the mean: a critical analysis of three journals in manual medicine |
| title_full | Reporting the standard error of the mean: a critical analysis of three journals in manual medicine |
| title_fullStr | Reporting the standard error of the mean: a critical analysis of three journals in manual medicine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reporting the standard error of the mean: a critical analysis of three journals in manual medicine |
| title_short | Reporting the standard error of the mean: a critical analysis of three journals in manual medicine |
| title_sort | reporting the standard error of the mean a critical analysis of three journals in manual medicine |
| topic | Statistics Statistics as a topic Standard deviation Standard error of the mean Descriptive statistics And Variability of the study sample |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-025-00587-y |
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