Who Is Against COVID-19 Vaccination and Why? The Perspective of Opponents of the COVID-19Vaccination in An Iranian Context: A qualitative study

Objective: This study was conducted in Iran to explore the hesitancy of COVID-19vaccinations from the perspective of opponents of the COVID-19vaccination in Iranian society. Design: Qualitative design, using the conventional content analysis approach, has been used to collect and analyze data. 2...

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Main Authors: Mehrdad Farrokhi, Hamid Reza Khankeh, Mohammad Javad Hosseinabadi-Farahani, Milad Rezaiye, Seyed Tayeb Moradian, Robabeh Khalili, Arya Hamedanchi, Mariye Jenabi Ghods, Mohammad Saatchi, Mohammad Pourebrahimi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: ACHSM 2025-08-01
Series:Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management
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Online Access:https://journal.achsm.org.au/index.php/achsm/article/view/4087
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author Mehrdad Farrokhi
Hamid Reza Khankeh
Mohammad Javad Hosseinabadi-Farahani
Milad Rezaiye
Seyed Tayeb Moradian
Robabeh Khalili
Arya Hamedanchi
Mariye Jenabi Ghods
Mohammad Saatchi
Mohammad Pourebrahimi
author_facet Mehrdad Farrokhi
Hamid Reza Khankeh
Mohammad Javad Hosseinabadi-Farahani
Milad Rezaiye
Seyed Tayeb Moradian
Robabeh Khalili
Arya Hamedanchi
Mariye Jenabi Ghods
Mohammad Saatchi
Mohammad Pourebrahimi
author_sort Mehrdad Farrokhi
collection DOAJ
description Objective: This study was conducted in Iran to explore the hesitancy of COVID-19vaccinations from the perspective of opponents of the COVID-19vaccination in Iranian society. Design: Qualitative design, using the conventional content analysis approach, has been used to collect and analyze data. 29 in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with those individuals who held a stance against receiving the COVID-19vaccine. Participants were selected using purposive sampling. The data analysis process was based on the Landman and Grenheim method with the aid of MAXQDA (20) software. In addition, Lincoln and Guba's criteria were followed to ensure the trustworthiness of the study findings. Setting: The study was conducted in Tehran, Iran, from April 2022 to March 2023. Results: During the data analysis,16 sub-categories were formed from 1273 codes and after merging similar sub-categories in terms of similarities, 7 main categories including (a."Distrust", b."Beliefs", c."Emotions", d."Ambiguity", e."Alternative ways", f."Attention to people's freedom of choice", and g."The impact of politics on health") were extracted. These categories cover and reflect the participants' experiences of the phenomenon of opposition to COVID-19vaccination. Conclusion: To promote vaccine acceptance, comprehensive and accurate information, trust in healthcare, proper information management, effective vaccine selection methods, and guidance from successful experiences should be implemented.
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institution Kabale University
issn 1833-3818
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language English
publishDate 2025-08-01
publisher ACHSM
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series Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management
spelling doaj-art-ed1303853b6b4a85b5ca3d01e0a294d32025-08-20T03:39:17ZengACHSMAsia Pacific Journal of Health Management1833-38182204-31362025-08-01Who Is Against COVID-19 Vaccination and Why? The Perspective of Opponents of the COVID-19Vaccination in An Iranian Context: A qualitative studyMehrdad Farrokhi0Hamid Reza Khankeh1Mohammad Javad Hosseinabadi-Farahani2Milad Rezaiye3Seyed Tayeb Moradian4Robabeh Khalili5Arya Hamedanchi6Mariye Jenabi Ghods7Mohammad Saatchi8Mohammad Pourebrahimi9Health in Emergency and Disaster Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, IranQUEST Center for Responsible Research, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, IranNursing Care Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranNursing Care Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranNursing Care Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences branch, ACECR, Tehran, IranPhD Student of Nursing, Department of Nursing, University of social welfare and rehabilitation sciences, Tehran, IranHealth in Emergency and Disaster Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, IranNursing Care Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Objective: This study was conducted in Iran to explore the hesitancy of COVID-19vaccinations from the perspective of opponents of the COVID-19vaccination in Iranian society. Design: Qualitative design, using the conventional content analysis approach, has been used to collect and analyze data. 29 in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with those individuals who held a stance against receiving the COVID-19vaccine. Participants were selected using purposive sampling. The data analysis process was based on the Landman and Grenheim method with the aid of MAXQDA (20) software. In addition, Lincoln and Guba's criteria were followed to ensure the trustworthiness of the study findings. Setting: The study was conducted in Tehran, Iran, from April 2022 to March 2023. Results: During the data analysis,16 sub-categories were formed from 1273 codes and after merging similar sub-categories in terms of similarities, 7 main categories including (a."Distrust", b."Beliefs", c."Emotions", d."Ambiguity", e."Alternative ways", f."Attention to people's freedom of choice", and g."The impact of politics on health") were extracted. These categories cover and reflect the participants' experiences of the phenomenon of opposition to COVID-19vaccination. Conclusion: To promote vaccine acceptance, comprehensive and accurate information, trust in healthcare, proper information management, effective vaccine selection methods, and guidance from successful experiences should be implemented. https://journal.achsm.org.au/index.php/achsm/article/view/4087Coronavirus, COVID-19 Vaccination, Vaccination Hesitancy
spellingShingle Mehrdad Farrokhi
Hamid Reza Khankeh
Mohammad Javad Hosseinabadi-Farahani
Milad Rezaiye
Seyed Tayeb Moradian
Robabeh Khalili
Arya Hamedanchi
Mariye Jenabi Ghods
Mohammad Saatchi
Mohammad Pourebrahimi
Who Is Against COVID-19 Vaccination and Why? The Perspective of Opponents of the COVID-19Vaccination in An Iranian Context: A qualitative study
Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management
Coronavirus, COVID-19 Vaccination, Vaccination Hesitancy
title Who Is Against COVID-19 Vaccination and Why? The Perspective of Opponents of the COVID-19Vaccination in An Iranian Context: A qualitative study
title_full Who Is Against COVID-19 Vaccination and Why? The Perspective of Opponents of the COVID-19Vaccination in An Iranian Context: A qualitative study
title_fullStr Who Is Against COVID-19 Vaccination and Why? The Perspective of Opponents of the COVID-19Vaccination in An Iranian Context: A qualitative study
title_full_unstemmed Who Is Against COVID-19 Vaccination and Why? The Perspective of Opponents of the COVID-19Vaccination in An Iranian Context: A qualitative study
title_short Who Is Against COVID-19 Vaccination and Why? The Perspective of Opponents of the COVID-19Vaccination in An Iranian Context: A qualitative study
title_sort who is against covid 19 vaccination and why the perspective of opponents of the covid 19vaccination in an iranian context a qualitative study
topic Coronavirus, COVID-19 Vaccination, Vaccination Hesitancy
url https://journal.achsm.org.au/index.php/achsm/article/view/4087
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