A process inspired by fractals for embedding digital codes into additively manufactured components for supply chain security
Abstract This study describes procedures for embedding digital information into additively manufactured components as well as procedures for readout and tensile testing. Embedded digital codes were printed inside ASTM E8/E8M dumbbells using Direct Metal Laser Melting (DMLS) with an EOS M290 printer....
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Nature Portfolio
2025-01-01
|
| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87215-0 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1832585815314661376 |
|---|---|
| author | Saber Nemati Ali Mahmoudi Kyungmin Ham Tie Siemers Shengmin Guo Josephine Gutekunst Joachim Schulz Ian Taylor Michele Maasberg Leslie G. Butler |
| author_facet | Saber Nemati Ali Mahmoudi Kyungmin Ham Tie Siemers Shengmin Guo Josephine Gutekunst Joachim Schulz Ian Taylor Michele Maasberg Leslie G. Butler |
| author_sort | Saber Nemati |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This study describes procedures for embedding digital information into additively manufactured components as well as procedures for readout and tensile testing. Embedded digital codes were printed inside ASTM E8/E8M dumbbells using Direct Metal Laser Melting (DMLS) with an EOS M290 printer. The codes were configured as either ellipsoids or prolate spheroids in patterns given by the Cantor dust fractal. Tensile testing was performed on 15 dumbbells, 7 with digital codes in the gauge volume and 8 with codes in the dumbbell tail. Results showed that the dumbbells met the ultimate tensile strength specification for the EOS AlF357 powder. X-ray imaging, both conventional and interferometry, was explored to detect the digital information. X-ray tomography showed measured ellipsoid volumes slightly larger than as-designed ellipsoid volumes, even when partially filled with loose powder. X-ray interferometry showed increased void detectability, one advantage of loose powder. These results suggest a standard selective laser sintering printer with typical metal powders could reasonably expect to print 100 bits of embedded digital information in a gauge volume 6 mm in diameter as 300 $$\upmu$$ m voids while still maintaining tensile specifications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ed0f3fedef1340989547d064cdfaf175 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-ed0f3fedef1340989547d064cdfaf1752025-01-26T12:28:59ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-01-0115111110.1038/s41598-025-87215-0A process inspired by fractals for embedding digital codes into additively manufactured components for supply chain securitySaber Nemati0Ali Mahmoudi1Kyungmin Ham2Tie Siemers3Shengmin Guo4Josephine Gutekunst5Joachim Schulz6Ian Taylor7Michele Maasberg8Leslie G. Butler9Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State UniversityDepartment of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State UniversityCenter for Advanced Microstructures and Devices (CAMD), Louisiana State UniversityFederal Division, Phillips CorporationDepartment of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State UniversityMicroworks GmBHMicroworks GmBHSIMBA ChainDepartment of Cyber Science, United States Naval AcademyRefined Imaging LLCAbstract This study describes procedures for embedding digital information into additively manufactured components as well as procedures for readout and tensile testing. Embedded digital codes were printed inside ASTM E8/E8M dumbbells using Direct Metal Laser Melting (DMLS) with an EOS M290 printer. The codes were configured as either ellipsoids or prolate spheroids in patterns given by the Cantor dust fractal. Tensile testing was performed on 15 dumbbells, 7 with digital codes in the gauge volume and 8 with codes in the dumbbell tail. Results showed that the dumbbells met the ultimate tensile strength specification for the EOS AlF357 powder. X-ray imaging, both conventional and interferometry, was explored to detect the digital information. X-ray tomography showed measured ellipsoid volumes slightly larger than as-designed ellipsoid volumes, even when partially filled with loose powder. X-ray interferometry showed increased void detectability, one advantage of loose powder. These results suggest a standard selective laser sintering printer with typical metal powders could reasonably expect to print 100 bits of embedded digital information in a gauge volume 6 mm in diameter as 300 $$\upmu$$ m voids while still maintaining tensile specifications.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87215-0 |
| spellingShingle | Saber Nemati Ali Mahmoudi Kyungmin Ham Tie Siemers Shengmin Guo Josephine Gutekunst Joachim Schulz Ian Taylor Michele Maasberg Leslie G. Butler A process inspired by fractals for embedding digital codes into additively manufactured components for supply chain security Scientific Reports |
| title | A process inspired by fractals for embedding digital codes into additively manufactured components for supply chain security |
| title_full | A process inspired by fractals for embedding digital codes into additively manufactured components for supply chain security |
| title_fullStr | A process inspired by fractals for embedding digital codes into additively manufactured components for supply chain security |
| title_full_unstemmed | A process inspired by fractals for embedding digital codes into additively manufactured components for supply chain security |
| title_short | A process inspired by fractals for embedding digital codes into additively manufactured components for supply chain security |
| title_sort | process inspired by fractals for embedding digital codes into additively manufactured components for supply chain security |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87215-0 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sabernemati aprocessinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT alimahmoudi aprocessinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT kyungminham aprocessinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT tiesiemers aprocessinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT shengminguo aprocessinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT josephinegutekunst aprocessinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT joachimschulz aprocessinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT iantaylor aprocessinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT michelemaasberg aprocessinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT lesliegbutler aprocessinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT sabernemati processinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT alimahmoudi processinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT kyungminham processinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT tiesiemers processinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT shengminguo processinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT josephinegutekunst processinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT joachimschulz processinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT iantaylor processinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT michelemaasberg processinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity AT lesliegbutler processinspiredbyfractalsforembeddingdigitalcodesintoadditivelymanufacturedcomponentsforsupplychainsecurity |