Unraveling Phenological Dynamics: Exploring Early Springs, Late Autumns, and Climate Drivers Across Different Vegetation Types in Northeast China
Understanding plant phenology dynamics is essential for ecosystem health monitoring and climate change impact assessment. This study generated 4-day, 500 m land surface phenology (LSP) in Northeast China (NEC) from 2001 to 2021 using interpolated and Savitzky–Golay filtered kernel normalized differe...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| author | Jiayu Liu Haifeng Zou Yinghui Zhao Xiaochun Wang Zhen Zhen |
| author_facet | Jiayu Liu Haifeng Zou Yinghui Zhao Xiaochun Wang Zhen Zhen |
| author_sort | Jiayu Liu |
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| description | Understanding plant phenology dynamics is essential for ecosystem health monitoring and climate change impact assessment. This study generated 4-day, 500 m land surface phenology (LSP) in Northeast China (NEC) from 2001 to 2021 using interpolated and Savitzky–Golay filtered kernel normalized difference vegetation index (kNDVI) derived from MODIS. Spatial patterns, trends, and climate responses of phenology were analyzed across ecoregions and vegetation. Marked spatial heterogeneity was noted: forests showed the earliest start of season (SOS, ~125<sup>th</sup> day) and longest growing season (LOS, ~130 days), while shrublands had the latest SOS (~150<sup>th</sup> day) and shortest LOS (~96 days). Grasslands exhibited strong east–west gradients in SOS and EOS. From 2001 to 2021, SOS of natural vegetations in NEC advanced by 0.23 d/a, EOS delayed by 0.12 d/a, and LOS extended by 0.38 d/a. Coniferous forests, especially evergreen needle-leaved forests, exhibited opposite trends due to cold-resistant traits and an earlier EOS to avoid leaf cell freezing. Temperature was the main driver of SOS, with spring and winter temperatures influencing 48.8% and 24.2% of the NEC region, respectively. Precipitation mainly affected EOS, especially in grasslands. Drought strongly influences SOS, while precipitation affects EOS. This study integrates high-resolution phenology utilizing the kNDVI with various seasonal climate drivers, offering novel insights into vegetation-specific and ecoregion-based phenological dynamics in the context of climate change. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ecef40957e1d4a4e9e325ba71b2b9073 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj-art-ecef40957e1d4a4e9e325ba71b2b90732025-08-20T03:11:22ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-05-011711185310.3390/rs17111853Unraveling Phenological Dynamics: Exploring Early Springs, Late Autumns, and Climate Drivers Across Different Vegetation Types in Northeast ChinaJiayu Liu0Haifeng Zou1Yinghui Zhao2Xiaochun Wang3Zhen Zhen4Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaKey Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaKey Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaKey Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaKey Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, ChinaUnderstanding plant phenology dynamics is essential for ecosystem health monitoring and climate change impact assessment. This study generated 4-day, 500 m land surface phenology (LSP) in Northeast China (NEC) from 2001 to 2021 using interpolated and Savitzky–Golay filtered kernel normalized difference vegetation index (kNDVI) derived from MODIS. Spatial patterns, trends, and climate responses of phenology were analyzed across ecoregions and vegetation. Marked spatial heterogeneity was noted: forests showed the earliest start of season (SOS, ~125<sup>th</sup> day) and longest growing season (LOS, ~130 days), while shrublands had the latest SOS (~150<sup>th</sup> day) and shortest LOS (~96 days). Grasslands exhibited strong east–west gradients in SOS and EOS. From 2001 to 2021, SOS of natural vegetations in NEC advanced by 0.23 d/a, EOS delayed by 0.12 d/a, and LOS extended by 0.38 d/a. Coniferous forests, especially evergreen needle-leaved forests, exhibited opposite trends due to cold-resistant traits and an earlier EOS to avoid leaf cell freezing. Temperature was the main driver of SOS, with spring and winter temperatures influencing 48.8% and 24.2% of the NEC region, respectively. Precipitation mainly affected EOS, especially in grasslands. Drought strongly influences SOS, while precipitation affects EOS. This study integrates high-resolution phenology utilizing the kNDVI with various seasonal climate drivers, offering novel insights into vegetation-specific and ecoregion-based phenological dynamics in the context of climate change.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/11/1853land surface phenology (LSP)kNDVIphenologyclimate changeNortheast China |
| spellingShingle | Jiayu Liu Haifeng Zou Yinghui Zhao Xiaochun Wang Zhen Zhen Unraveling Phenological Dynamics: Exploring Early Springs, Late Autumns, and Climate Drivers Across Different Vegetation Types in Northeast China Remote Sensing land surface phenology (LSP) kNDVI phenology climate change Northeast China |
| title | Unraveling Phenological Dynamics: Exploring Early Springs, Late Autumns, and Climate Drivers Across Different Vegetation Types in Northeast China |
| title_full | Unraveling Phenological Dynamics: Exploring Early Springs, Late Autumns, and Climate Drivers Across Different Vegetation Types in Northeast China |
| title_fullStr | Unraveling Phenological Dynamics: Exploring Early Springs, Late Autumns, and Climate Drivers Across Different Vegetation Types in Northeast China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unraveling Phenological Dynamics: Exploring Early Springs, Late Autumns, and Climate Drivers Across Different Vegetation Types in Northeast China |
| title_short | Unraveling Phenological Dynamics: Exploring Early Springs, Late Autumns, and Climate Drivers Across Different Vegetation Types in Northeast China |
| title_sort | unraveling phenological dynamics exploring early springs late autumns and climate drivers across different vegetation types in northeast china |
| topic | land surface phenology (LSP) kNDVI phenology climate change Northeast China |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/11/1853 |
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