Strategies and Methods for Upscaling Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication from Lab-Scale to Commercial-Area Fabrication

Perovskite, as a promising candidate for the next generation of photovoltaic materials, has attracted extensive attention. To date, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has reached 26.7%, which is competitive with that of commercial silicon cells. However, high PCE...

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Main Authors: Mengna Sun, Zhiqiang Jiao, Peng Wang, Xiaohu Li, Guangcai Yuan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Molecules
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/10/2221
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author Mengna Sun
Zhiqiang Jiao
Peng Wang
Xiaohu Li
Guangcai Yuan
author_facet Mengna Sun
Zhiqiang Jiao
Peng Wang
Xiaohu Li
Guangcai Yuan
author_sort Mengna Sun
collection DOAJ
description Perovskite, as a promising candidate for the next generation of photovoltaic materials, has attracted extensive attention. To date, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has reached 26.7%, which is competitive with that of commercial silicon cells. However, high PCE is usually achieved in devices with a small surface area fabricated by the spin-coating method. Perovskite thin films, as the most important layer, suffer from poor uniformity and crystallization caused by the large-area fabrication process, which leads to a dramatic drop in efficiency and exhibits poor reproducibility. Here, we summarize common architectures of PSC and perovskite solar modules (PSMs), as well as analyzing the reasons for efficiency loss on the modules. Subsequently, the review describes the mechanism of perovskite growth in detail, and then sums up recent research on small-to-large-area perovskite devices. Large-area fabrication methods mainly include blade coating, slot-die coating, spray-coating, inkjet printing, and screen printing. Moreover, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of each method and their corresponding mechanisms and research progress. The review aims to provide potential logical conclusions and directions for the commercial large-area perovskite fabrication process.
format Article
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issn 1420-3049
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publishDate 2025-05-01
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spelling doaj-art-ecdaeb74d0d54fafa4c01959a7189e9b2025-08-20T03:14:32ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-05-013010222110.3390/molecules30102221Strategies and Methods for Upscaling Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication from Lab-Scale to Commercial-Area FabricationMengna Sun0Zhiqiang Jiao1Peng Wang2Xiaohu Li3Guangcai Yuan4BOE Technology Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, ChinaBOE Technology Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, ChinaBOE Technology Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, ChinaBOE Technology Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, ChinaBOE Technology Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, ChinaPerovskite, as a promising candidate for the next generation of photovoltaic materials, has attracted extensive attention. To date, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has reached 26.7%, which is competitive with that of commercial silicon cells. However, high PCE is usually achieved in devices with a small surface area fabricated by the spin-coating method. Perovskite thin films, as the most important layer, suffer from poor uniformity and crystallization caused by the large-area fabrication process, which leads to a dramatic drop in efficiency and exhibits poor reproducibility. Here, we summarize common architectures of PSC and perovskite solar modules (PSMs), as well as analyzing the reasons for efficiency loss on the modules. Subsequently, the review describes the mechanism of perovskite growth in detail, and then sums up recent research on small-to-large-area perovskite devices. Large-area fabrication methods mainly include blade coating, slot-die coating, spray-coating, inkjet printing, and screen printing. Moreover, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of each method and their corresponding mechanisms and research progress. The review aims to provide potential logical conclusions and directions for the commercial large-area perovskite fabrication process.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/10/2221perovskite solar celllarge-area fabricationpower conversion efficiencynucleation
spellingShingle Mengna Sun
Zhiqiang Jiao
Peng Wang
Xiaohu Li
Guangcai Yuan
Strategies and Methods for Upscaling Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication from Lab-Scale to Commercial-Area Fabrication
Molecules
perovskite solar cell
large-area fabrication
power conversion efficiency
nucleation
title Strategies and Methods for Upscaling Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication from Lab-Scale to Commercial-Area Fabrication
title_full Strategies and Methods for Upscaling Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication from Lab-Scale to Commercial-Area Fabrication
title_fullStr Strategies and Methods for Upscaling Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication from Lab-Scale to Commercial-Area Fabrication
title_full_unstemmed Strategies and Methods for Upscaling Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication from Lab-Scale to Commercial-Area Fabrication
title_short Strategies and Methods for Upscaling Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication from Lab-Scale to Commercial-Area Fabrication
title_sort strategies and methods for upscaling perovskite solar cell fabrication from lab scale to commercial area fabrication
topic perovskite solar cell
large-area fabrication
power conversion efficiency
nucleation
url https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/10/2221
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AT zhiqiangjiao strategiesandmethodsforupscalingperovskitesolarcellfabricationfromlabscaletocommercialareafabrication
AT pengwang strategiesandmethodsforupscalingperovskitesolarcellfabricationfromlabscaletocommercialareafabrication
AT xiaohuli strategiesandmethodsforupscalingperovskitesolarcellfabricationfromlabscaletocommercialareafabrication
AT guangcaiyuan strategiesandmethodsforupscalingperovskitesolarcellfabricationfromlabscaletocommercialareafabrication