Effect of encapsulated waste oils and compaction method on the curing and strength of cold mix asphalt
Abstract Cold Mix Asphalt (CMA) is a sustainable alternative to conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA) due to its lower energy consumption and reduced environmental impact. However, CMAs often suffer from high moisture susceptibility, prolonged curing times, and inadequate mechanical performance. This s...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11506-9 |
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| author | Hassan Ziari Elaheh Nasiriamiri Pooyan Ayar |
| author_facet | Hassan Ziari Elaheh Nasiriamiri Pooyan Ayar |
| author_sort | Hassan Ziari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Cold Mix Asphalt (CMA) is a sustainable alternative to conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA) due to its lower energy consumption and reduced environmental impact. However, CMAs often suffer from high moisture susceptibility, prolonged curing times, and inadequate mechanical performance. This study investigates the potential of calcium alginate capsules (CA capsules) containing waste sunflower oil (WSO) and waste engine oil (WEO) to improve CMA performance. Unlike previous research focusing on self-healing aspect of rejuvenating capsules, this work evaluates the impact of these CA capsules on curing efficiency, strength development, and mechanical behavior under different curing times and compaction methods: Marshall Compacted Mixture (MCM) and Gyratory Compacted Mixture (GCM). CA capsules were characterized using the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)-EDS-Map and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and mechanical properties of CMA samples were assessed via indirect tensile strength (ITS), tensile strength ratio (TSR), rutting, and semi-circular bending (SCB) fracture tests.Weight measurements taken over the curing period showed that mixtures containing 0.5% CA capsules experienced greater moisture loss, thereby accelerating the curing process. GCM samples exhibited up to 90% higher ITS values than MCM samples, while samples with CA capsules showed an average 7–15% decrease in dry ITS. TSR values increased by up to 10% with 0.5% CA capsule addition, indicating improved moisture resistance. Fracture energy increased by 18–22% at − 20 °C in samples with 1% WSO, despite a slight reduction in fracture toughness. ANOVA analysis confirmed that compaction method had the greatest influence on ITS, TSR, and fracture energy, while CA capsule type mainly affected rutting depth. CA capsules with WEO led to deeper ruts than WSO, suggesting better compatibility of WSO with the asphalt matrix. These findings highlight that incorporating oil-based CA capsules—especially at 0.5–1% content—not only improves curing efficiency but also enhances the durability and sustainability of CMAs, particularly under low-temperature and high-moisture conditions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-eccb237fa4574893930c2be46373e202 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-eccb237fa4574893930c2be46373e2022025-08-20T03:04:31ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115112010.1038/s41598-025-11506-9Effect of encapsulated waste oils and compaction method on the curing and strength of cold mix asphaltHassan Ziari0Elaheh Nasiriamiri1Pooyan Ayar2School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)Abstract Cold Mix Asphalt (CMA) is a sustainable alternative to conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA) due to its lower energy consumption and reduced environmental impact. However, CMAs often suffer from high moisture susceptibility, prolonged curing times, and inadequate mechanical performance. This study investigates the potential of calcium alginate capsules (CA capsules) containing waste sunflower oil (WSO) and waste engine oil (WEO) to improve CMA performance. Unlike previous research focusing on self-healing aspect of rejuvenating capsules, this work evaluates the impact of these CA capsules on curing efficiency, strength development, and mechanical behavior under different curing times and compaction methods: Marshall Compacted Mixture (MCM) and Gyratory Compacted Mixture (GCM). CA capsules were characterized using the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)-EDS-Map and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and mechanical properties of CMA samples were assessed via indirect tensile strength (ITS), tensile strength ratio (TSR), rutting, and semi-circular bending (SCB) fracture tests.Weight measurements taken over the curing period showed that mixtures containing 0.5% CA capsules experienced greater moisture loss, thereby accelerating the curing process. GCM samples exhibited up to 90% higher ITS values than MCM samples, while samples with CA capsules showed an average 7–15% decrease in dry ITS. TSR values increased by up to 10% with 0.5% CA capsule addition, indicating improved moisture resistance. Fracture energy increased by 18–22% at − 20 °C in samples with 1% WSO, despite a slight reduction in fracture toughness. ANOVA analysis confirmed that compaction method had the greatest influence on ITS, TSR, and fracture energy, while CA capsule type mainly affected rutting depth. CA capsules with WEO led to deeper ruts than WSO, suggesting better compatibility of WSO with the asphalt matrix. These findings highlight that incorporating oil-based CA capsules—especially at 0.5–1% content—not only improves curing efficiency but also enhances the durability and sustainability of CMAs, particularly under low-temperature and high-moisture conditions.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11506-9Cold mix asphalt (CMA)Calcium alginate capsuleWaste oilCuring timeSustainability |
| spellingShingle | Hassan Ziari Elaheh Nasiriamiri Pooyan Ayar Effect of encapsulated waste oils and compaction method on the curing and strength of cold mix asphalt Scientific Reports Cold mix asphalt (CMA) Calcium alginate capsule Waste oil Curing time Sustainability |
| title | Effect of encapsulated waste oils and compaction method on the curing and strength of cold mix asphalt |
| title_full | Effect of encapsulated waste oils and compaction method on the curing and strength of cold mix asphalt |
| title_fullStr | Effect of encapsulated waste oils and compaction method on the curing and strength of cold mix asphalt |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of encapsulated waste oils and compaction method on the curing and strength of cold mix asphalt |
| title_short | Effect of encapsulated waste oils and compaction method on the curing and strength of cold mix asphalt |
| title_sort | effect of encapsulated waste oils and compaction method on the curing and strength of cold mix asphalt |
| topic | Cold mix asphalt (CMA) Calcium alginate capsule Waste oil Curing time Sustainability |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11506-9 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hassanziari effectofencapsulatedwasteoilsandcompactionmethodonthecuringandstrengthofcoldmixasphalt AT elahehnasiriamiri effectofencapsulatedwasteoilsandcompactionmethodonthecuringandstrengthofcoldmixasphalt AT pooyanayar effectofencapsulatedwasteoilsandcompactionmethodonthecuringandstrengthofcoldmixasphalt |