FRET-based carbazole-fluorescein ionic nanoparticle for use as an effective bioimaging agent

Fӧrster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based systems are widely applicable in many areas of interest. In this study, a novel FRET-based ionic material (IM) was synthesized by pairing carbazole imidazolium cation (CI+) with fluorescein anion (Fl2-) through a simple ion-exchange method. The resultin...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Amanda Jalihal, Hannah Krehbiel, Samantha Macchi, Mavis Forson, Mujeebat Bashiru, Thuy Le, Caroline Kornelsen, Noureen Siraj
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: ELS Publishing (ELSP) 2023-07-01
Series:Biofunctional Materials
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Online Access:https://elsp-homepage.oss-cn-hongkong.aliyuncs.compaper/journal/open/BM/2023/bm20230006-publication-final.pdf
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Summary:Fӧrster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based systems are widely applicable in many areas of interest. In this study, a novel FRET-based ionic material (IM) was synthesized by pairing carbazole imidazolium cation (CI+) with fluorescein anion (Fl2-) through a simple ion-exchange method. The resulting IM ([CI]2[Fl]) was converted into an ionic nanoparticle (INP) in aqueous media for practical use for bioimaging application. The photophysical properties of the parent dyes, [CI]2[Fl], and INP were studied in detail. All FRET parameters were calculated in the synthesized material. [CI]2[Fl] exhibited a significant spectral overlap integral and an ideal theoretical FRET distance. The presence of the FRET mechanism was verified by the observed decrease in donor fluorescence lifetime and a moderate FRET efficiency in [CI]2[Fl]. The INP formed from [CI]2[Fl] was evaluated for use as a fluorescent pH probe and bioimaging agent. FRET efficiency of INP is calculated in a series of pH studies which indicates the highest efficiency at physiological pH. Whereas no FRET phenomenon is observed in highly acidic and basic conditions. The pH-dependent photophysical properties of [CI]2[Fl] are monitored and allow for the potential application as a fluorescent probe for the detection of acidic tissues in biological systems. The FRET-capable INP showed superior bioimaging capability in vitro as compared to the parent dye.
ISSN:2959-0574
2959-0582