The Entourage Effect in Cannabis Medicinal Products: A Comprehensive Review
This study explores the complementary or synergistic effects of medicinal cannabis constituents, particularly terpenes, concerning their therapeutic potential, known as the entourage effect. A systematic review of the literature on cannabis “entourage effects” was conducted using the PRISMA model. T...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-11-01
|
| Series: | Pharmaceuticals |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/11/1543 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850267170874851328 |
|---|---|
| author | Rebeca André Ana Patrícia Gomes Catarina Pereira-Leite António Marques-da-Costa Luis Monteiro Rodrigues Michael Sassano Patricia Rijo Maria do Céu Costa |
| author_facet | Rebeca André Ana Patrícia Gomes Catarina Pereira-Leite António Marques-da-Costa Luis Monteiro Rodrigues Michael Sassano Patricia Rijo Maria do Céu Costa |
| author_sort | Rebeca André |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study explores the complementary or synergistic effects of medicinal cannabis constituents, particularly terpenes, concerning their therapeutic potential, known as the entourage effect. A systematic review of the literature on cannabis “entourage effects” was conducted using the PRISMA model. Two research questions directed the review: (1) What are the physiological effects of terpenes and terpenoids found in cannabis? (2) What are the proven “entourage effects” of terpenes in cannabis? The initial approach involved an exploratory search in electronic databases using predefined keywords and Boolean phrases across PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Analysis of published studies shows no evidence of neuroprotective or anti-aggregatory effects of <i>α</i>-pinene and <i>β</i>-pinene against <i>β</i>-amyloid-mediated toxicity; however, modest lipid peroxidation inhibition by <i>α</i>-pinene, <i>β</i> pinene, and terpinolene may contribute to the multifaceted neuroprotection properties of these <i>C. sativa</i> L. prevalent monoterpenes and the triterpene friedelin. Myrcene demonstrated anti-inflammatory proprieties topically; however, in combination with CBD, it did not show significant additional differences. Exploratory evidence suggests various therapeutic benefits of terpenes, such as myrcene for relaxation; linalool as a sleep aid and to relieve exhaustion and mental stress; D-limonene as an analgesic; caryophyllene for cold tolerance and analgesia; valencene for cartilage protection; borneol for antinociceptive and anticonvulsant potential; and eucalyptol for muscle pain. While exploratory research suggests terpenes as influencers in the therapeutic benefits of cannabinoids, the potential for synergistic or additive enhancement of cannabinoid efficacy by terpenes remains unproven. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm any terpenes “entourage effects.” |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ecbd490453e64b339cf51f49e835ff62 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceuticals |
| spelling | doaj-art-ecbd490453e64b339cf51f49e835ff622025-08-20T01:53:54ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472024-11-011711154310.3390/ph17111543The Entourage Effect in Cannabis Medicinal Products: A Comprehensive ReviewRebeca André0Ana Patrícia Gomes1Catarina Pereira-Leite2António Marques-da-Costa3Luis Monteiro Rodrigues4Michael Sassano5Patricia Rijo6Maria do Céu Costa7Escola de Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (ECTS), CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, PortugalEscola de Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (ECTS), CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, PortugalEscola de Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (ECTS), CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, PortugalSOMAÍ Pharmaceuticals, R. 13 de Maio 52, 2580-507 Carregado, PortugalEscola de Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (ECTS), CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, PortugalSOMAÍ Pharmaceuticals, R. 13 de Maio 52, 2580-507 Carregado, PortugalEscola de Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (ECTS), CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, PortugalEscola de Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (ECTS), CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, PortugalThis study explores the complementary or synergistic effects of medicinal cannabis constituents, particularly terpenes, concerning their therapeutic potential, known as the entourage effect. A systematic review of the literature on cannabis “entourage effects” was conducted using the PRISMA model. Two research questions directed the review: (1) What are the physiological effects of terpenes and terpenoids found in cannabis? (2) What are the proven “entourage effects” of terpenes in cannabis? The initial approach involved an exploratory search in electronic databases using predefined keywords and Boolean phrases across PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Analysis of published studies shows no evidence of neuroprotective or anti-aggregatory effects of <i>α</i>-pinene and <i>β</i>-pinene against <i>β</i>-amyloid-mediated toxicity; however, modest lipid peroxidation inhibition by <i>α</i>-pinene, <i>β</i> pinene, and terpinolene may contribute to the multifaceted neuroprotection properties of these <i>C. sativa</i> L. prevalent monoterpenes and the triterpene friedelin. Myrcene demonstrated anti-inflammatory proprieties topically; however, in combination with CBD, it did not show significant additional differences. Exploratory evidence suggests various therapeutic benefits of terpenes, such as myrcene for relaxation; linalool as a sleep aid and to relieve exhaustion and mental stress; D-limonene as an analgesic; caryophyllene for cold tolerance and analgesia; valencene for cartilage protection; borneol for antinociceptive and anticonvulsant potential; and eucalyptol for muscle pain. While exploratory research suggests terpenes as influencers in the therapeutic benefits of cannabinoids, the potential for synergistic or additive enhancement of cannabinoid efficacy by terpenes remains unproven. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm any terpenes “entourage effects.”https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/11/1543cannabiscannabinoidsterpene(s)entourage effectinfluencers |
| spellingShingle | Rebeca André Ana Patrícia Gomes Catarina Pereira-Leite António Marques-da-Costa Luis Monteiro Rodrigues Michael Sassano Patricia Rijo Maria do Céu Costa The Entourage Effect in Cannabis Medicinal Products: A Comprehensive Review Pharmaceuticals cannabis cannabinoids terpene(s) entourage effect influencers |
| title | The Entourage Effect in Cannabis Medicinal Products: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_full | The Entourage Effect in Cannabis Medicinal Products: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_fullStr | The Entourage Effect in Cannabis Medicinal Products: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Entourage Effect in Cannabis Medicinal Products: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_short | The Entourage Effect in Cannabis Medicinal Products: A Comprehensive Review |
| title_sort | entourage effect in cannabis medicinal products a comprehensive review |
| topic | cannabis cannabinoids terpene(s) entourage effect influencers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/11/1543 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rebecaandre theentourageeffectincannabismedicinalproductsacomprehensivereview AT anapatriciagomes theentourageeffectincannabismedicinalproductsacomprehensivereview AT catarinapereiraleite theentourageeffectincannabismedicinalproductsacomprehensivereview AT antoniomarquesdacosta theentourageeffectincannabismedicinalproductsacomprehensivereview AT luismonteirorodrigues theentourageeffectincannabismedicinalproductsacomprehensivereview AT michaelsassano theentourageeffectincannabismedicinalproductsacomprehensivereview AT patriciarijo theentourageeffectincannabismedicinalproductsacomprehensivereview AT mariadoceucosta theentourageeffectincannabismedicinalproductsacomprehensivereview AT rebecaandre entourageeffectincannabismedicinalproductsacomprehensivereview AT anapatriciagomes entourageeffectincannabismedicinalproductsacomprehensivereview AT catarinapereiraleite entourageeffectincannabismedicinalproductsacomprehensivereview AT antoniomarquesdacosta entourageeffectincannabismedicinalproductsacomprehensivereview AT luismonteirorodrigues entourageeffectincannabismedicinalproductsacomprehensivereview AT michaelsassano entourageeffectincannabismedicinalproductsacomprehensivereview AT patriciarijo entourageeffectincannabismedicinalproductsacomprehensivereview AT mariadoceucosta entourageeffectincannabismedicinalproductsacomprehensivereview |