Separate and Combined Effects of Moderate-Intensity Exercise Training and Detraining with Protocatechuic Acid (PCA) on Myokines and Insulin-Signaling Pathways in Male Wistar Rats: A Preclinical Randomized Study
<b>Background</b>: Exercise training positively modulates myokine secretion and improves glucose metabolism. Herein, we analyzed the effect of moderate-intensity training, detraining, and Protocatechuic Acid (PCA) supplementation on myokine secretions and regulation of insulin-signaling...
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| author | Hira Shakoor Jaleel Kizhakkayil Yauhen Statsenko Carine Platat |
| author_facet | Hira Shakoor Jaleel Kizhakkayil Yauhen Statsenko Carine Platat |
| author_sort | Hira Shakoor |
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| description | <b>Background</b>: Exercise training positively modulates myokine secretion and improves glucose metabolism. Herein, we analyzed the effect of moderate-intensity training, detraining, and Protocatechuic Acid (PCA) supplementation on myokine secretions and regulation of insulin-signaling pathways. <b>Methods:</b> A five-arm study was conducted on 47 healthy male Wistar rats, trained at a moderate intensity level for four weeks (T0-T4). Animals were randomly classified into groups according to PCA supplementation and exercise durations: four weeks of Aerobic Training with or without PCA (AT4, AT4-PCA), eight weeks of Aerobic Training with or without PCA (AT8, AT8-PCA), and PCA Vehicle Control (VC). The animals were followed up until week 12 (T12). We decapitated six rats at T0 and T4, four rats per group at T8, and three rats per group at T12. Myokines (IGF-1, IL-6, FGF-21, myostatin, and irisin) were analyzed with ELISA. Western blot analysis measured protein expression of insulin-signaling pathways and GLUT-4 in the gastrocnemius muscle. <b>Results:</b> The IL-6 levels increased significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.01) with 8-week training in AT8 by 34% and AT8-PCA by 32%, compared to groups trained for only 4 weeks (AT4 and AT4-PCA). Similarly, the PI3K, and GLUT-4 expression improved in AT8 and AT8-PCA at T8. Training for 4 weeks improved IGF-1 levels, but a further 14% improvement was observed with 8-week training in AT8 at T8. Myostatin level significantly dropped by 27% even with 4-week training (<i>p</i> < 0.001). However, detraining increased the myostatin levels in all groups, but in AT8-PCA with PCA dose, myostatin reduced by 11% compared to AT8 at T12. PCA supplementation reduced the FGF-21 levels by 54% during detraining at T12 in AT8-PCA compared to AT8. However, the irisin level did not change markedly in any group. <b>Conclusions</b>: Physical training (with and without PCA) modulates myokine production and improves glucose metabolism, but the benefits are lost after detraining. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
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| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-ec9ffca3ccca4ff1844cdad17716b5eb2025-08-20T03:12:05ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892025-02-011528710.3390/metabo15020087Separate and Combined Effects of Moderate-Intensity Exercise Training and Detraining with Protocatechuic Acid (PCA) on Myokines and Insulin-Signaling Pathways in Male Wistar Rats: A Preclinical Randomized StudyHira Shakoor0Jaleel Kizhakkayil1Yauhen Statsenko2Carine Platat3Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates<b>Background</b>: Exercise training positively modulates myokine secretion and improves glucose metabolism. Herein, we analyzed the effect of moderate-intensity training, detraining, and Protocatechuic Acid (PCA) supplementation on myokine secretions and regulation of insulin-signaling pathways. <b>Methods:</b> A five-arm study was conducted on 47 healthy male Wistar rats, trained at a moderate intensity level for four weeks (T0-T4). Animals were randomly classified into groups according to PCA supplementation and exercise durations: four weeks of Aerobic Training with or without PCA (AT4, AT4-PCA), eight weeks of Aerobic Training with or without PCA (AT8, AT8-PCA), and PCA Vehicle Control (VC). The animals were followed up until week 12 (T12). We decapitated six rats at T0 and T4, four rats per group at T8, and three rats per group at T12. Myokines (IGF-1, IL-6, FGF-21, myostatin, and irisin) were analyzed with ELISA. Western blot analysis measured protein expression of insulin-signaling pathways and GLUT-4 in the gastrocnemius muscle. <b>Results:</b> The IL-6 levels increased significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.01) with 8-week training in AT8 by 34% and AT8-PCA by 32%, compared to groups trained for only 4 weeks (AT4 and AT4-PCA). Similarly, the PI3K, and GLUT-4 expression improved in AT8 and AT8-PCA at T8. Training for 4 weeks improved IGF-1 levels, but a further 14% improvement was observed with 8-week training in AT8 at T8. Myostatin level significantly dropped by 27% even with 4-week training (<i>p</i> < 0.001). However, detraining increased the myostatin levels in all groups, but in AT8-PCA with PCA dose, myostatin reduced by 11% compared to AT8 at T12. PCA supplementation reduced the FGF-21 levels by 54% during detraining at T12 in AT8-PCA compared to AT8. However, the irisin level did not change markedly in any group. <b>Conclusions</b>: Physical training (with and without PCA) modulates myokine production and improves glucose metabolism, but the benefits are lost after detraining.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/15/2/87moderate-intensity trainingdetrainingmyokinesprotocatechuic acidgastrocnemius muscleglucose metabolism |
| spellingShingle | Hira Shakoor Jaleel Kizhakkayil Yauhen Statsenko Carine Platat Separate and Combined Effects of Moderate-Intensity Exercise Training and Detraining with Protocatechuic Acid (PCA) on Myokines and Insulin-Signaling Pathways in Male Wistar Rats: A Preclinical Randomized Study Metabolites moderate-intensity training detraining myokines protocatechuic acid gastrocnemius muscle glucose metabolism |
| title | Separate and Combined Effects of Moderate-Intensity Exercise Training and Detraining with Protocatechuic Acid (PCA) on Myokines and Insulin-Signaling Pathways in Male Wistar Rats: A Preclinical Randomized Study |
| title_full | Separate and Combined Effects of Moderate-Intensity Exercise Training and Detraining with Protocatechuic Acid (PCA) on Myokines and Insulin-Signaling Pathways in Male Wistar Rats: A Preclinical Randomized Study |
| title_fullStr | Separate and Combined Effects of Moderate-Intensity Exercise Training and Detraining with Protocatechuic Acid (PCA) on Myokines and Insulin-Signaling Pathways in Male Wistar Rats: A Preclinical Randomized Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Separate and Combined Effects of Moderate-Intensity Exercise Training and Detraining with Protocatechuic Acid (PCA) on Myokines and Insulin-Signaling Pathways in Male Wistar Rats: A Preclinical Randomized Study |
| title_short | Separate and Combined Effects of Moderate-Intensity Exercise Training and Detraining with Protocatechuic Acid (PCA) on Myokines and Insulin-Signaling Pathways in Male Wistar Rats: A Preclinical Randomized Study |
| title_sort | separate and combined effects of moderate intensity exercise training and detraining with protocatechuic acid pca on myokines and insulin signaling pathways in male wistar rats a preclinical randomized study |
| topic | moderate-intensity training detraining myokines protocatechuic acid gastrocnemius muscle glucose metabolism |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/15/2/87 |
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