AI generations: from AI 1.0 to AI 4.0

AI generations: from AI 1.0 to AI 4.0

This paper proposes that Artificial Intelligence (AI) progresses through several overlapping generations: AI 1.0 (Information AI), AI 2.0 (Agentic AI), AI 3.0 (Physical AI), and a speculative AI 4.0 (Conscious AI). Each AI generation is driven by shifting priorities among algorithms, computing power...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Jiahao Wu, Hengxu You, Jing Du
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-06-01
Series:Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
Subjects:
artificial intelligence evolution
machine learning
reinforcement learning
large language models
AI ethics and governance
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1585629/full
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