Numerical investigation of rotational and traverse speed effects on particle dispersion in friction stir processing via CEL modeling

Determining material flow patterns during Friction Stir Processing (FSP) of composite substrates poses significant challenges in achieving a uniform distribution of reinforcement particles. This article investigates the effects of tool rotational speed (RS) and traverse speed (TS) on the distributio...

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Main Author: Mostafa Akbari
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-09-01
Series:Journal of Materials Research and Technology
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425019908
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author Mostafa Akbari
author_facet Mostafa Akbari
author_sort Mostafa Akbari
collection DOAJ
description Determining material flow patterns during Friction Stir Processing (FSP) of composite substrates poses significant challenges in achieving a uniform distribution of reinforcement particles. This article investigates the effects of tool rotational speed (RS) and traverse speed (TS) on the distribution of these reinforcing particles throughout the FSP process. To assess how process speed—encompassing both rotational and traverse components—affects material flow, particle distribution, temperature, and strain, the study employs the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) modeling technique. Tracer particles were utilized as a methodological approach to examine the flow of material throughout the FSP. The results indicate that at an RS of 1200 rpm, particle distribution is notably uniform at traverse speeds of 8 mm/min and 32 mm/min. However, when the TS is increased to 80 mm/min, the particle distribution becomes inadequate. In comparison, samples produced at 800 rpm exhibit poorer particle distribution than those fabricated at 1200 rpm. Moreover, the results show that the area over which particles are distributed decreases with higher TS or lower RS. Additionally, the lower RS of 800 rpm generates less frictional heat than 1200 rpm. As the TS increases from 8 mm/min to 80 mm/min, the temperature experienced by the samples also decreases. Ultimately, the maximum hardness is achieved in samples fabricated at 1200 rpm with a TS of 32 mm/min.
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spelling doaj-art-ec82625bee1049938531901ffd050b7a2025-08-20T02:58:30ZengElsevierJournal of Materials Research and Technology2238-78542025-09-01381633164210.1016/j.jmrt.2025.08.037Numerical investigation of rotational and traverse speed effects on particle dispersion in friction stir processing via CEL modelingMostafa Akbari0Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, IranDetermining material flow patterns during Friction Stir Processing (FSP) of composite substrates poses significant challenges in achieving a uniform distribution of reinforcement particles. This article investigates the effects of tool rotational speed (RS) and traverse speed (TS) on the distribution of these reinforcing particles throughout the FSP process. To assess how process speed—encompassing both rotational and traverse components—affects material flow, particle distribution, temperature, and strain, the study employs the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) modeling technique. Tracer particles were utilized as a methodological approach to examine the flow of material throughout the FSP. The results indicate that at an RS of 1200 rpm, particle distribution is notably uniform at traverse speeds of 8 mm/min and 32 mm/min. However, when the TS is increased to 80 mm/min, the particle distribution becomes inadequate. In comparison, samples produced at 800 rpm exhibit poorer particle distribution than those fabricated at 1200 rpm. Moreover, the results show that the area over which particles are distributed decreases with higher TS or lower RS. Additionally, the lower RS of 800 rpm generates less frictional heat than 1200 rpm. As the TS increases from 8 mm/min to 80 mm/min, the temperature experienced by the samples also decreases. Ultimately, the maximum hardness is achieved in samples fabricated at 1200 rpm with a TS of 32 mm/min.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425019908FSPCEL modelMaterial flowThreaded pinParticle distribution
spellingShingle Mostafa Akbari
Numerical investigation of rotational and traverse speed effects on particle dispersion in friction stir processing via CEL modeling
Journal of Materials Research and Technology
FSP
CEL model
Material flow
Threaded pin
Particle distribution
title Numerical investigation of rotational and traverse speed effects on particle dispersion in friction stir processing via CEL modeling
title_full Numerical investigation of rotational and traverse speed effects on particle dispersion in friction stir processing via CEL modeling
title_fullStr Numerical investigation of rotational and traverse speed effects on particle dispersion in friction stir processing via CEL modeling
title_full_unstemmed Numerical investigation of rotational and traverse speed effects on particle dispersion in friction stir processing via CEL modeling
title_short Numerical investigation of rotational and traverse speed effects on particle dispersion in friction stir processing via CEL modeling
title_sort numerical investigation of rotational and traverse speed effects on particle dispersion in friction stir processing via cel modeling
topic FSP
CEL model
Material flow
Threaded pin
Particle distribution
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785425019908
work_keys_str_mv AT mostafaakbari numericalinvestigationofrotationalandtraversespeedeffectsonparticledispersioninfrictionstirprocessingviacelmodeling