Fuzzy evaluation and explainable machine learning for diagnosis of rheumatic and autoimmune diseases
In this article, a new combination of an explainable machine learning approach with a fuzzy evaluation framework is proposed to improve the diagnostic performance and interpretation of rheumatic and autoimmune diseases. This work addresses three major challenges: (i) overlapping symptoms and complex...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
PeerJ Inc.
2025-08-01
|
| Series: | PeerJ Computer Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://peerj.com/articles/cs-3096.pdf |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849406116699570176 |
|---|---|
| author | Mohammed Fadhil Mahdi Arezoo Jahani Dhafar Hamed Abd |
| author_facet | Mohammed Fadhil Mahdi Arezoo Jahani Dhafar Hamed Abd |
| author_sort | Mohammed Fadhil Mahdi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this article, a new combination of an explainable machine learning approach with a fuzzy evaluation framework is proposed to improve the diagnostic performance and interpretation of rheumatic and autoimmune diseases. This work addresses three major challenges: (i) overlapping symptoms and complex clinical presentations, (ii) the lack of interpretability in traditional machine learning models, and (iii) the difficulty of selecting the best diagnosis model. To overcome these challenges, a new dataset was collected from Iraq’s hospitals and health centers between 2019 and 2024. The size of dataset is 12,085 patients and includes 14 features in seven classes (rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Sjogren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis, and normal). The dataset is subjected to extensive preprocessing with attribute imputation (mean and mode), encoding categorical features, and balancing the data to pass it to 12 different machine learning models. Performance is evaluated based on precision, recall, F-score, kappa, Hamming loss, Matthews correlation coefficient, and accuracy to identify the best model. To select the optimal model, we apply fuzzy decision by opinion score method (FDOSM). The FDOSM process involves assessments from three domain experts to ensure a robust and well-rounded evaluation. Furthermore, the explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) technique provides global and local explanations for model predictions. Local interpretable model explanations (LIME) were used as explanations and significantly increased the transparency and reliability of the clinical decision-making process. The results show that the FDOSM yields gradient boosting with a 0.1333 score and a rank of 1, is the best model with an accuracy of 86.89%, precision of 87.35%, and kappa of 84.51%. The best model using XAI to increase confidence and trustworthiness in clinical decision-making and healthcare applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ec8198fbc9074dc48a5b839cdcf12fa4 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2376-5992 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | PeerJ Inc. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PeerJ Computer Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-ec8198fbc9074dc48a5b839cdcf12fa42025-08-20T03:36:30ZengPeerJ Inc.PeerJ Computer Science2376-59922025-08-0111e309610.7717/peerj-cs.3096Fuzzy evaluation and explainable machine learning for diagnosis of rheumatic and autoimmune diseasesMohammed Fadhil Mahdi0Arezoo Jahani1Dhafar Hamed Abd2Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, IranFaculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, IranCollege of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Anbar, Anbar, IraqIn this article, a new combination of an explainable machine learning approach with a fuzzy evaluation framework is proposed to improve the diagnostic performance and interpretation of rheumatic and autoimmune diseases. This work addresses three major challenges: (i) overlapping symptoms and complex clinical presentations, (ii) the lack of interpretability in traditional machine learning models, and (iii) the difficulty of selecting the best diagnosis model. To overcome these challenges, a new dataset was collected from Iraq’s hospitals and health centers between 2019 and 2024. The size of dataset is 12,085 patients and includes 14 features in seven classes (rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Sjogren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis, and normal). The dataset is subjected to extensive preprocessing with attribute imputation (mean and mode), encoding categorical features, and balancing the data to pass it to 12 different machine learning models. Performance is evaluated based on precision, recall, F-score, kappa, Hamming loss, Matthews correlation coefficient, and accuracy to identify the best model. To select the optimal model, we apply fuzzy decision by opinion score method (FDOSM). The FDOSM process involves assessments from three domain experts to ensure a robust and well-rounded evaluation. Furthermore, the explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) technique provides global and local explanations for model predictions. Local interpretable model explanations (LIME) were used as explanations and significantly increased the transparency and reliability of the clinical decision-making process. The results show that the FDOSM yields gradient boosting with a 0.1333 score and a rank of 1, is the best model with an accuracy of 86.89%, precision of 87.35%, and kappa of 84.51%. The best model using XAI to increase confidence and trustworthiness in clinical decision-making and healthcare applications.https://peerj.com/articles/cs-3096.pdfExplainableDecision makingFuzzy decision by opinion score method (FDOSM)Fuzzy evaluationRheumatic and autoimmune diagnosisMachine learning |
| spellingShingle | Mohammed Fadhil Mahdi Arezoo Jahani Dhafar Hamed Abd Fuzzy evaluation and explainable machine learning for diagnosis of rheumatic and autoimmune diseases PeerJ Computer Science Explainable Decision making Fuzzy decision by opinion score method (FDOSM) Fuzzy evaluation Rheumatic and autoimmune diagnosis Machine learning |
| title | Fuzzy evaluation and explainable machine learning for diagnosis of rheumatic and autoimmune diseases |
| title_full | Fuzzy evaluation and explainable machine learning for diagnosis of rheumatic and autoimmune diseases |
| title_fullStr | Fuzzy evaluation and explainable machine learning for diagnosis of rheumatic and autoimmune diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fuzzy evaluation and explainable machine learning for diagnosis of rheumatic and autoimmune diseases |
| title_short | Fuzzy evaluation and explainable machine learning for diagnosis of rheumatic and autoimmune diseases |
| title_sort | fuzzy evaluation and explainable machine learning for diagnosis of rheumatic and autoimmune diseases |
| topic | Explainable Decision making Fuzzy decision by opinion score method (FDOSM) Fuzzy evaluation Rheumatic and autoimmune diagnosis Machine learning |
| url | https://peerj.com/articles/cs-3096.pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mohammedfadhilmahdi fuzzyevaluationandexplainablemachinelearningfordiagnosisofrheumaticandautoimmunediseases AT arezoojahani fuzzyevaluationandexplainablemachinelearningfordiagnosisofrheumaticandautoimmunediseases AT dhafarhamedabd fuzzyevaluationandexplainablemachinelearningfordiagnosisofrheumaticandautoimmunediseases |