Optimal Protection Coordination for Grid-Connected and Islanded Microgrids Assisted by the Crow Search Algorithm: Application of Dual-Setting Overcurrent Relays and Fault Current Limiters
This paper introduces a two-stage protection coordination framework designed for grid-connected and islanded microgrids (MGs) that integrate distributed generations (DGs) and energy storage systems (ESSs). The first stage focuses on determining the optimal location and sizing of DGs and ESSs within...
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| author | Hossien Shad Hamid Amini Khanavandi Saeed Abrisham Foroushan Asl Ali Aranizadeh Behrooz Vahidi Mirpouya Mirmozaffari |
| author_facet | Hossien Shad Hamid Amini Khanavandi Saeed Abrisham Foroushan Asl Ali Aranizadeh Behrooz Vahidi Mirpouya Mirmozaffari |
| author_sort | Hossien Shad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper introduces a two-stage protection coordination framework designed for grid-connected and islanded microgrids (MGs) that integrate distributed generations (DGs) and energy storage systems (ESSs). The first stage focuses on determining the optimal location and sizing of DGs and ESSs within the islanded MG to ensure a stable and reliable operation. The objective is to minimize the combined annual investment and expected operational costs while adhering to the optimal power flow equations governing the MG, which incorporates both DGs and ESSs. To account for the inherent uncertainties in load and DG power generation, scenario-based stochastic programming (SBSP) is used to model these variations effectively. The second stage develops the optimal protection coordination strategy for both grid-connected and islanded MGs, aiming to achieve a rapid and efficient protective response. This is achieved by optimizing the settings of dual-setting overcurrent relays (DSORs) and determining the appropriate sizing of fault current limiters (FCLs), using operational data from the MG’s daily performance. The goal is to minimize the total operating time of the DSORs in both primary and backup protection modes while respecting critical constraints such as the coordination time interval (CTI) and the operational limits of DSORs and FCLs. To solve this complex optimization problem, the Crow Search Algorithm (CSA) is employed, ensuring the derivation of reliable and effective solutions. The framework is implemented on both 9-bus and 32-bus MGs, demonstrating its practical applicability and evaluating its effectiveness in real-world scenarios. The proposed method achieves an expected total daily relay operation time of 1041.36 s for the 9-bus MG and 1282 s for the 32-bus MG. Additionally, the optimization results indicate a reduction in maximum voltage deviation from 0.0073 p.u. (grid-connected mode) to 0.0038 p.u. (islanded mode) and a decrease in daily energy loss from 1.0114 MWh to 0.9435 MWh. The CSA solver outperforms conventional methods, achieving a standard deviation of 1.13% and 1.21% for two optimization stages, ensuring high reliability and computational efficiency. This work not only provides valuable insights into the optimization of MG protection coordination but also contributes to the broader effort of enhancing the reliability and economic viability of microgrid systems, which are becoming increasingly vital for sustainable energy solutions in modern power grids. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ec7a38f794ec4077b1ff42b3f9bb89cd |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-ec7a38f794ec4077b1ff42b3f9bb89cd2025-08-20T02:09:13ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-03-01187160110.3390/en18071601Optimal Protection Coordination for Grid-Connected and Islanded Microgrids Assisted by the Crow Search Algorithm: Application of Dual-Setting Overcurrent Relays and Fault Current LimitersHossien Shad0Hamid Amini Khanavandi1Saeed Abrisham Foroushan Asl2Ali Aranizadeh3Behrooz Vahidi4Mirpouya Mirmozaffari5Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Saveh 14778-93855, IranDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Saveh 14778-93855, IranDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Saveh 14778-93855, IranDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran 3715879817, IranDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran 3715879817, IranDepartment of Industrial Engineering, Dalhousie University, 5269 Morris Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, CanadaThis paper introduces a two-stage protection coordination framework designed for grid-connected and islanded microgrids (MGs) that integrate distributed generations (DGs) and energy storage systems (ESSs). The first stage focuses on determining the optimal location and sizing of DGs and ESSs within the islanded MG to ensure a stable and reliable operation. The objective is to minimize the combined annual investment and expected operational costs while adhering to the optimal power flow equations governing the MG, which incorporates both DGs and ESSs. To account for the inherent uncertainties in load and DG power generation, scenario-based stochastic programming (SBSP) is used to model these variations effectively. The second stage develops the optimal protection coordination strategy for both grid-connected and islanded MGs, aiming to achieve a rapid and efficient protective response. This is achieved by optimizing the settings of dual-setting overcurrent relays (DSORs) and determining the appropriate sizing of fault current limiters (FCLs), using operational data from the MG’s daily performance. The goal is to minimize the total operating time of the DSORs in both primary and backup protection modes while respecting critical constraints such as the coordination time interval (CTI) and the operational limits of DSORs and FCLs. To solve this complex optimization problem, the Crow Search Algorithm (CSA) is employed, ensuring the derivation of reliable and effective solutions. The framework is implemented on both 9-bus and 32-bus MGs, demonstrating its practical applicability and evaluating its effectiveness in real-world scenarios. The proposed method achieves an expected total daily relay operation time of 1041.36 s for the 9-bus MG and 1282 s for the 32-bus MG. Additionally, the optimization results indicate a reduction in maximum voltage deviation from 0.0073 p.u. (grid-connected mode) to 0.0038 p.u. (islanded mode) and a decrease in daily energy loss from 1.0114 MWh to 0.9435 MWh. The CSA solver outperforms conventional methods, achieving a standard deviation of 1.13% and 1.21% for two optimization stages, ensuring high reliability and computational efficiency. This work not only provides valuable insights into the optimization of MG protection coordination but also contributes to the broader effort of enhancing the reliability and economic viability of microgrid systems, which are becoming increasingly vital for sustainable energy solutions in modern power grids.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/7/1601distributed generationdual-setting overcurrent relayenergy storage systemfault current limitersreliable islanded microgridtwo-stage optimal protection coordination |
| spellingShingle | Hossien Shad Hamid Amini Khanavandi Saeed Abrisham Foroushan Asl Ali Aranizadeh Behrooz Vahidi Mirpouya Mirmozaffari Optimal Protection Coordination for Grid-Connected and Islanded Microgrids Assisted by the Crow Search Algorithm: Application of Dual-Setting Overcurrent Relays and Fault Current Limiters Energies distributed generation dual-setting overcurrent relay energy storage system fault current limiters reliable islanded microgrid two-stage optimal protection coordination |
| title | Optimal Protection Coordination for Grid-Connected and Islanded Microgrids Assisted by the Crow Search Algorithm: Application of Dual-Setting Overcurrent Relays and Fault Current Limiters |
| title_full | Optimal Protection Coordination for Grid-Connected and Islanded Microgrids Assisted by the Crow Search Algorithm: Application of Dual-Setting Overcurrent Relays and Fault Current Limiters |
| title_fullStr | Optimal Protection Coordination for Grid-Connected and Islanded Microgrids Assisted by the Crow Search Algorithm: Application of Dual-Setting Overcurrent Relays and Fault Current Limiters |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimal Protection Coordination for Grid-Connected and Islanded Microgrids Assisted by the Crow Search Algorithm: Application of Dual-Setting Overcurrent Relays and Fault Current Limiters |
| title_short | Optimal Protection Coordination for Grid-Connected and Islanded Microgrids Assisted by the Crow Search Algorithm: Application of Dual-Setting Overcurrent Relays and Fault Current Limiters |
| title_sort | optimal protection coordination for grid connected and islanded microgrids assisted by the crow search algorithm application of dual setting overcurrent relays and fault current limiters |
| topic | distributed generation dual-setting overcurrent relay energy storage system fault current limiters reliable islanded microgrid two-stage optimal protection coordination |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/7/1601 |
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