Exploring the biotechnological applications of Spirulina maxima: a comprehensive review

Abstract The Spirulina maxima algae is a phototrophic, multicellular, filamentous cyanobacteria of greenish blue tones, without ramifications and is characterized mainly by its helical form, thickness of approximately 3 to 12 µm and length of 500 µm; its development depends on factors such as temper...

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Main Authors: J. C. Jacuinde-Ruíz, J. C. González-Hernández
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Instituto Internacional de Ecologia 2025-02-01
Series:Brazilian Journal of Biology
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-69842024000100706&lng=en&tlng=en
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author J. C. Jacuinde-Ruíz
J. C. González-Hernández
author_facet J. C. Jacuinde-Ruíz
J. C. González-Hernández
author_sort J. C. Jacuinde-Ruíz
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The Spirulina maxima algae is a phototrophic, multicellular, filamentous cyanobacteria of greenish blue tones, without ramifications and is characterized mainly by its helical form, thickness of approximately 3 to 12 µm and length of 500 µm; its development depends on factors such as temperature, light intensity, pH, aeration speed, carbon dioxide concentration, carbon source, nitrogen source which determine its chemical composition, which is composed of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, and vitamins; due to this, it is widely used in industries such as food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and energy to obtain different products of great value. This S. maxima review addresses morphological characteristics, growth factors, growth methods, and metabolites of biotechnological interest and biotechnological applications for the S. maxima microalgae. A brief review of the enzyme production capacity of S. maxima and other microalgae is also presented, in addition to mentioning some areas of opportunity to study these and the economic viability of implementing a biorefinery with an integrated approach for the production of biomass and metabolites of biotechnological relevance based on the control of growth variables and the productive and economic efficiency of the process is discussed.
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spelling doaj-art-ec2813e1d61e436e8ba7ee90a412cafb2025-08-20T02:01:19ZengInstituto Internacional de EcologiaBrazilian Journal of Biology1678-43752025-02-018410.1590/1519-6984.287134Exploring the biotechnological applications of Spirulina maxima: a comprehensive reviewJ. C. Jacuinde-Ruízhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3383-5050J. C. González-Hernándezhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2558-5108Abstract The Spirulina maxima algae is a phototrophic, multicellular, filamentous cyanobacteria of greenish blue tones, without ramifications and is characterized mainly by its helical form, thickness of approximately 3 to 12 µm and length of 500 µm; its development depends on factors such as temperature, light intensity, pH, aeration speed, carbon dioxide concentration, carbon source, nitrogen source which determine its chemical composition, which is composed of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, and vitamins; due to this, it is widely used in industries such as food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and energy to obtain different products of great value. This S. maxima review addresses morphological characteristics, growth factors, growth methods, and metabolites of biotechnological interest and biotechnological applications for the S. maxima microalgae. A brief review of the enzyme production capacity of S. maxima and other microalgae is also presented, in addition to mentioning some areas of opportunity to study these and the economic viability of implementing a biorefinery with an integrated approach for the production of biomass and metabolites of biotechnological relevance based on the control of growth variables and the productive and economic efficiency of the process is discussed.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-69842024000100706&lng=en&tlng=enSpirulina maximaalgae developmentchemical compositionapplicationsenzymes production
spellingShingle J. C. Jacuinde-Ruíz
J. C. González-Hernández
Exploring the biotechnological applications of Spirulina maxima: a comprehensive review
Brazilian Journal of Biology
Spirulina maxima
algae development
chemical composition
applications
enzymes production
title Exploring the biotechnological applications of Spirulina maxima: a comprehensive review
title_full Exploring the biotechnological applications of Spirulina maxima: a comprehensive review
title_fullStr Exploring the biotechnological applications of Spirulina maxima: a comprehensive review
title_full_unstemmed Exploring the biotechnological applications of Spirulina maxima: a comprehensive review
title_short Exploring the biotechnological applications of Spirulina maxima: a comprehensive review
title_sort exploring the biotechnological applications of spirulina maxima a comprehensive review
topic Spirulina maxima
algae development
chemical composition
applications
enzymes production
url http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-69842024000100706&lng=en&tlng=en
work_keys_str_mv AT jcjacuinderuiz exploringthebiotechnologicalapplicationsofspirulinamaximaacomprehensivereview
AT jcgonzalezhernandez exploringthebiotechnologicalapplicationsofspirulinamaximaacomprehensivereview