Geology, Archaeology, and Historical Studies of the Late 16th Century Plinian Eruption of Raung Volcano: A Potential Case for Disaster Geotourism in Ijen UNESCO Global Geopark, East Java, Indonesia
The enigmatic major eruption in the late 16th century, believed to have originated from Raung, the most active stratovolcano in the Ijen UNESCO Global Geopark in East Java, Indonesia, has ignited significant debate among researchers and historians due to its profound impact on the region. This resea...
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2024-10-01
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| author | Firman Sauqi Nur Sabila Mirzam Abdurrachman Asep Saepuloh Idham Andri Kurniawan Abdillah Baraas Dwi Fitri Yudiantoro Hery Kusdaryanto |
| author_facet | Firman Sauqi Nur Sabila Mirzam Abdurrachman Asep Saepuloh Idham Andri Kurniawan Abdillah Baraas Dwi Fitri Yudiantoro Hery Kusdaryanto |
| author_sort | Firman Sauqi Nur Sabila |
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| description | The enigmatic major eruption in the late 16th century, believed to have originated from Raung, the most active stratovolcano in the Ijen UNESCO Global Geopark in East Java, Indonesia, has ignited significant debate among researchers and historians due to its profound impact on the region. This research aims to substantiate Raung as the likely source of the major eruption by integrating geological, archaeological, and historical data. This study synthesizes current findings and explores ongoing debates surrounding historical volcanic activities. Eruption parameters suggest that the late 16th century eruption exhibited a Plinian type, characterized by an explosive eruption column reaching the stratosphere, widespread pumiceous tephra fallout, and pyroclastic density current (PDC). Stratigraphic succession reveals that the eruption occurred in five phases, with deposits from 10 eruptive units. These deposits are mainly concentrated on the northwestern flank of Raung. Archaeological findings, historical records, and local legends converge to pinpoint the occurrence of this catastrophic event in the late 16th century. These diverse sources estimate that the eruption resulted in approximately 10,000 casualties, marking it as one of the most significant volcanic disasters in the past 500 years. The implications of this eruption extend beyond historical documentation, providing a critical case study for advancing disaster mitigation strategies through geotourism in the geopark area. Moreover, the eruption record outcrops identified in this study can be proposed as potential new geosites within the Ijen UNESCO Global Geopark, enhancing its educational and touristic value. We propose the Jebung Kidul, Alas Sumur, and Batu Sappar sites as potential disaster-based geosites, considering that these sites record the eruption process and preserve archaeological structures. This addition would not only commemorate the historical event but also promote awareness and preparedness for future volcanic activities in the region. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2076-3263 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Geosciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-ec0616fcb4af486da659bf265692c92e2025-08-20T01:53:53ZengMDPI AGGeosciences2076-32632024-10-01141128410.3390/geosciences14110284Geology, Archaeology, and Historical Studies of the Late 16th Century Plinian Eruption of Raung Volcano: A Potential Case for Disaster Geotourism in Ijen UNESCO Global Geopark, East Java, IndonesiaFirman Sauqi Nur Sabila0Mirzam Abdurrachman1Asep Saepuloh2Idham Andri Kurniawan3Abdillah Baraas4Dwi Fitri Yudiantoro5Hery Kusdaryanto6Doctoral Program of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaDepartment of Geological Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaDepartment of Geological Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaDepartment of Geological Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaManagerial Board of Ijen UNESCO Global Geopark, Surabaya 60174, East Java, IndonesiaDepartment of Geological Engineering, UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281, IndonesiaTourism, Culture, Youth, and Sport Department of Bondowoso Government, Bondowoso 68212, East Java, IndonesiaThe enigmatic major eruption in the late 16th century, believed to have originated from Raung, the most active stratovolcano in the Ijen UNESCO Global Geopark in East Java, Indonesia, has ignited significant debate among researchers and historians due to its profound impact on the region. This research aims to substantiate Raung as the likely source of the major eruption by integrating geological, archaeological, and historical data. This study synthesizes current findings and explores ongoing debates surrounding historical volcanic activities. Eruption parameters suggest that the late 16th century eruption exhibited a Plinian type, characterized by an explosive eruption column reaching the stratosphere, widespread pumiceous tephra fallout, and pyroclastic density current (PDC). Stratigraphic succession reveals that the eruption occurred in five phases, with deposits from 10 eruptive units. These deposits are mainly concentrated on the northwestern flank of Raung. Archaeological findings, historical records, and local legends converge to pinpoint the occurrence of this catastrophic event in the late 16th century. These diverse sources estimate that the eruption resulted in approximately 10,000 casualties, marking it as one of the most significant volcanic disasters in the past 500 years. The implications of this eruption extend beyond historical documentation, providing a critical case study for advancing disaster mitigation strategies through geotourism in the geopark area. Moreover, the eruption record outcrops identified in this study can be proposed as potential new geosites within the Ijen UNESCO Global Geopark, enhancing its educational and touristic value. We propose the Jebung Kidul, Alas Sumur, and Batu Sappar sites as potential disaster-based geosites, considering that these sites record the eruption process and preserve archaeological structures. This addition would not only commemorate the historical event but also promote awareness and preparedness for future volcanic activities in the region.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/14/11/284Raung volcanoPlinian eruptionburied civilizationdisaster geotourismgeopark |
| spellingShingle | Firman Sauqi Nur Sabila Mirzam Abdurrachman Asep Saepuloh Idham Andri Kurniawan Abdillah Baraas Dwi Fitri Yudiantoro Hery Kusdaryanto Geology, Archaeology, and Historical Studies of the Late 16th Century Plinian Eruption of Raung Volcano: A Potential Case for Disaster Geotourism in Ijen UNESCO Global Geopark, East Java, Indonesia Geosciences Raung volcano Plinian eruption buried civilization disaster geotourism geopark |
| title | Geology, Archaeology, and Historical Studies of the Late 16th Century Plinian Eruption of Raung Volcano: A Potential Case for Disaster Geotourism in Ijen UNESCO Global Geopark, East Java, Indonesia |
| title_full | Geology, Archaeology, and Historical Studies of the Late 16th Century Plinian Eruption of Raung Volcano: A Potential Case for Disaster Geotourism in Ijen UNESCO Global Geopark, East Java, Indonesia |
| title_fullStr | Geology, Archaeology, and Historical Studies of the Late 16th Century Plinian Eruption of Raung Volcano: A Potential Case for Disaster Geotourism in Ijen UNESCO Global Geopark, East Java, Indonesia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Geology, Archaeology, and Historical Studies of the Late 16th Century Plinian Eruption of Raung Volcano: A Potential Case for Disaster Geotourism in Ijen UNESCO Global Geopark, East Java, Indonesia |
| title_short | Geology, Archaeology, and Historical Studies of the Late 16th Century Plinian Eruption of Raung Volcano: A Potential Case for Disaster Geotourism in Ijen UNESCO Global Geopark, East Java, Indonesia |
| title_sort | geology archaeology and historical studies of the late 16th century plinian eruption of raung volcano a potential case for disaster geotourism in ijen unesco global geopark east java indonesia |
| topic | Raung volcano Plinian eruption buried civilization disaster geotourism geopark |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/14/11/284 |
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