Prediction of the Drogue Position in Autonomous Aerial Refueling Based on a Physics-Informed Neural Network

Autonomous aerial refueling (AAR) technology is of crucial importance in the aviation field. Accurately predicting the position of the refueling drogue is a core challenge in implementing this technology. An innovative method of a physics-informed neural network (PINN), a fusion of supervised learni...

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Main Authors: Xin Bao, Yan Li, Zhong Wang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Aerospace
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/12/6/540
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author Xin Bao
Yan Li
Zhong Wang
author_facet Xin Bao
Yan Li
Zhong Wang
author_sort Xin Bao
collection DOAJ
description Autonomous aerial refueling (AAR) technology is of crucial importance in the aviation field. Accurately predicting the position of the refueling drogue is a core challenge in implementing this technology. An innovative method of a physics-informed neural network (PINN), a fusion of supervised learning and unsupervised learning, integrating physical information with an attention-augmented long short-term memory (AALSTM) neural network is proposed. By constructing a physical model of the refueling drogue, accurate physical constraints are provided for the prediction model. Meanwhile, an AALSTM neural network architecture is designed to predict partial states of the refueling drogue and parameters of the dynamic model. An attention-augmented mechanism is introduced to enhance the ability to capture key information. Simulation experiments verify that introducing an attention-augmented mechanism based on the conventional LSTM can improve prediction accuracy. The PINN significantly outperforms the conventional LSTM method in prediction accuracy, providing strong support for the development of AAR technology.
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institution Kabale University
issn 2226-4310
language English
publishDate 2025-06-01
publisher MDPI AG
record_format Article
series Aerospace
spelling doaj-art-ec0008d49b054b16bb0429e1162867302025-08-20T03:24:26ZengMDPI AGAerospace2226-43102025-06-0112654010.3390/aerospace12060540Prediction of the Drogue Position in Autonomous Aerial Refueling Based on a Physics-Informed Neural NetworkXin Bao0Yan Li1Zhong Wang2School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, ChinaSchool of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, ChinaSchool of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, ChinaAutonomous aerial refueling (AAR) technology is of crucial importance in the aviation field. Accurately predicting the position of the refueling drogue is a core challenge in implementing this technology. An innovative method of a physics-informed neural network (PINN), a fusion of supervised learning and unsupervised learning, integrating physical information with an attention-augmented long short-term memory (AALSTM) neural network is proposed. By constructing a physical model of the refueling drogue, accurate physical constraints are provided for the prediction model. Meanwhile, an AALSTM neural network architecture is designed to predict partial states of the refueling drogue and parameters of the dynamic model. An attention-augmented mechanism is introduced to enhance the ability to capture key information. Simulation experiments verify that introducing an attention-augmented mechanism based on the conventional LSTM can improve prediction accuracy. The PINN significantly outperforms the conventional LSTM method in prediction accuracy, providing strong support for the development of AAR technology.https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/12/6/540autonomous aerial refueling (AAR)drogue position predictionphysics-informed neural network (PINN)attention-augmented long short-term memory (AALSTM)drogue dynamic equations
spellingShingle Xin Bao
Yan Li
Zhong Wang
Prediction of the Drogue Position in Autonomous Aerial Refueling Based on a Physics-Informed Neural Network
Aerospace
autonomous aerial refueling (AAR)
drogue position prediction
physics-informed neural network (PINN)
attention-augmented long short-term memory (AALSTM)
drogue dynamic equations
title Prediction of the Drogue Position in Autonomous Aerial Refueling Based on a Physics-Informed Neural Network
title_full Prediction of the Drogue Position in Autonomous Aerial Refueling Based on a Physics-Informed Neural Network
title_fullStr Prediction of the Drogue Position in Autonomous Aerial Refueling Based on a Physics-Informed Neural Network
title_full_unstemmed Prediction of the Drogue Position in Autonomous Aerial Refueling Based on a Physics-Informed Neural Network
title_short Prediction of the Drogue Position in Autonomous Aerial Refueling Based on a Physics-Informed Neural Network
title_sort prediction of the drogue position in autonomous aerial refueling based on a physics informed neural network
topic autonomous aerial refueling (AAR)
drogue position prediction
physics-informed neural network (PINN)
attention-augmented long short-term memory (AALSTM)
drogue dynamic equations
url https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/12/6/540
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AT yanli predictionofthedroguepositioninautonomousaerialrefuelingbasedonaphysicsinformedneuralnetwork
AT zhongwang predictionofthedroguepositioninautonomousaerialrefuelingbasedonaphysicsinformedneuralnetwork