Rotating scalarized supermassive black holes

Abstract In this study, we investigate rotating black hole solutions within a scalar-Gauss–Bonnet gravity framework that incorporates a squared Gauss–Bonnet term. By employing a quadratic–exponential coupling function between the scalar field and the Gauss–Bonnet invariant, we derive both the standa...

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Main Authors: Shoupan Liu, Yunqi Liu, Yan Peng, Cheng-Yong Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-08-01
Series:European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14567-2
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author Shoupan Liu
Yunqi Liu
Yan Peng
Cheng-Yong Zhang
author_facet Shoupan Liu
Yunqi Liu
Yan Peng
Cheng-Yong Zhang
author_sort Shoupan Liu
collection DOAJ
description Abstract In this study, we investigate rotating black hole solutions within a scalar-Gauss–Bonnet gravity framework that incorporates a squared Gauss–Bonnet term. By employing a quadratic–exponential coupling function between the scalar field and the Gauss–Bonnet invariant, we derive both the standard General Relativity solutions and novel scalarized black hole configurations. Utilizing a pseudo-spectral method to solve the coupled field equations, we examine how black hole spin and coupling constants influence the existence and properties of these solutions. Our findings reveal that both the rotation of the black hole and the squared coupling term effectively constrain the parameter space available for scalarization. Moreover, we demonstrate that, over a wide range of parameters, scalarized black holes exhibit higher entropy than Kerr black holes of equivalent mass and spin, indicating that they are thermodynamically favored. These results significantly expand the phase space of black holes in modified gravity theories.
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institution DOAJ
issn 1434-6052
language English
publishDate 2025-08-01
publisher SpringerOpen
record_format Article
series European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields
spelling doaj-art-ebd014a6f3c8451397a5286c27e4b04e2025-08-20T03:05:56ZengSpringerOpenEuropean Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields1434-60522025-08-0185811410.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14567-2Rotating scalarized supermassive black holesShoupan Liu0Yunqi Liu1Yan Peng2Cheng-Yong Zhang3Center for Gravitation and Cosmology, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou UniversityCenter for Gravitation and Cosmology, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou UniversitySchool of Mathematical Sciences, Qufu Normal UniversityDepartment of Physics and Siyuan Laboratory, Jinan UniversityAbstract In this study, we investigate rotating black hole solutions within a scalar-Gauss–Bonnet gravity framework that incorporates a squared Gauss–Bonnet term. By employing a quadratic–exponential coupling function between the scalar field and the Gauss–Bonnet invariant, we derive both the standard General Relativity solutions and novel scalarized black hole configurations. Utilizing a pseudo-spectral method to solve the coupled field equations, we examine how black hole spin and coupling constants influence the existence and properties of these solutions. Our findings reveal that both the rotation of the black hole and the squared coupling term effectively constrain the parameter space available for scalarization. Moreover, we demonstrate that, over a wide range of parameters, scalarized black holes exhibit higher entropy than Kerr black holes of equivalent mass and spin, indicating that they are thermodynamically favored. These results significantly expand the phase space of black holes in modified gravity theories.https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14567-2
spellingShingle Shoupan Liu
Yunqi Liu
Yan Peng
Cheng-Yong Zhang
Rotating scalarized supermassive black holes
European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields
title Rotating scalarized supermassive black holes
title_full Rotating scalarized supermassive black holes
title_fullStr Rotating scalarized supermassive black holes
title_full_unstemmed Rotating scalarized supermassive black holes
title_short Rotating scalarized supermassive black holes
title_sort rotating scalarized supermassive black holes
url https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14567-2
work_keys_str_mv AT shoupanliu rotatingscalarizedsupermassiveblackholes
AT yunqiliu rotatingscalarizedsupermassiveblackholes
AT yanpeng rotatingscalarizedsupermassiveblackholes
AT chengyongzhang rotatingscalarizedsupermassiveblackholes