A Picture Guide to Cancer Progression and Evolutionary Accumulation Models: Systematic Critique, Plausible Interpretations, and Alternative Uses

Cancer progression and evolutionary accumulation models were developed to discover dependencies in the irreversible acquisition of binary traits from cross-sectional data. They have been used in computational oncology and virology but also in widely different problems such as malaria progression. Th...

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Main Authors: Ramon Diaz-Uriarte, Iain G. Johnston
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IEEE 2025-01-01
Series:IEEE Access
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Online Access:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10950363/
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author Ramon Diaz-Uriarte
Iain G. Johnston
author_facet Ramon Diaz-Uriarte
Iain G. Johnston
author_sort Ramon Diaz-Uriarte
collection DOAJ
description Cancer progression and evolutionary accumulation models were developed to discover dependencies in the irreversible acquisition of binary traits from cross-sectional data. They have been used in computational oncology and virology but also in widely different problems such as malaria progression. These methods have been applied to predict future states of the system, identify routes of feature acquisition, and improve patient stratification, and they hold promise for evolutionary-based treatments. New methods continue to be developed. But these methods have shortcomings, which are yet to be systematically critiqued, regarding key evolutionary assumptions and interpretations. After an overview of the available methods, we focus on why inferences might not be about the processes we intend. Using fitness landscapes, we highlight difficulties that arisearising from bulk sequencingand reciprocal sign epistasis, from conflating lines of descent, path of the maximum, and mutational profiles, and from ambiguous use of the idea of exclusivity. We show that bulk sequencing can severely limit interpretation as inferring within-cell restrictions is only warranted under very strong assumptions. We examine how the previous concerns change when bulk sequencing is explicitly considered; We suggest that limitations and opportunities from bulk sequencing be recognised and exploited explicitly; the methods remain valuable for patient stratification, and we underline opportunities for addressing dependencies due to frequency-dependent selection. This review identifies major standing issues, recommends turning inferences into actionable insights for translational impact —which requires careful consideration of empirical entities for causally-justified interpretations—, assessing method performance with entity-appropriate simulations, and should encourage the use of these methods in other areas with a better alignment between entities and model assumptions.
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spelling doaj-art-ebcedb93ccaa48a4b25b06528328f16b2025-08-20T02:12:24ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-0113623066234010.1109/ACCESS.2025.355839210950363A Picture Guide to Cancer Progression and Evolutionary Accumulation Models: Systematic Critique, Plausible Interpretations, and Alternative UsesRamon Diaz-Uriarte0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6637-9039Iain G. Johnston1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8559-3519Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, SpainDepartment of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayCancer progression and evolutionary accumulation models were developed to discover dependencies in the irreversible acquisition of binary traits from cross-sectional data. They have been used in computational oncology and virology but also in widely different problems such as malaria progression. These methods have been applied to predict future states of the system, identify routes of feature acquisition, and improve patient stratification, and they hold promise for evolutionary-based treatments. New methods continue to be developed. But these methods have shortcomings, which are yet to be systematically critiqued, regarding key evolutionary assumptions and interpretations. After an overview of the available methods, we focus on why inferences might not be about the processes we intend. Using fitness landscapes, we highlight difficulties that arisearising from bulk sequencingand reciprocal sign epistasis, from conflating lines of descent, path of the maximum, and mutational profiles, and from ambiguous use of the idea of exclusivity. We show that bulk sequencing can severely limit interpretation as inferring within-cell restrictions is only warranted under very strong assumptions. We examine how the previous concerns change when bulk sequencing is explicitly considered; We suggest that limitations and opportunities from bulk sequencing be recognised and exploited explicitly; the methods remain valuable for patient stratification, and we underline opportunities for addressing dependencies due to frequency-dependent selection. This review identifies major standing issues, recommends turning inferences into actionable insights for translational impact —which requires careful consideration of empirical entities for causally-justified interpretations—, assessing method performance with entity-appropriate simulations, and should encourage the use of these methods in other areas with a better alignment between entities and model assumptions.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10950363/Bulk sequencingcancer progression modelepistasisevolutionary assumptionsfitness landscapeevolutionary accumulation model
spellingShingle Ramon Diaz-Uriarte
Iain G. Johnston
A Picture Guide to Cancer Progression and Evolutionary Accumulation Models: Systematic Critique, Plausible Interpretations, and Alternative Uses
IEEE Access
Bulk sequencing
cancer progression model
epistasis
evolutionary assumptions
fitness landscape
evolutionary accumulation model
title A Picture Guide to Cancer Progression and Evolutionary Accumulation Models: Systematic Critique, Plausible Interpretations, and Alternative Uses
title_full A Picture Guide to Cancer Progression and Evolutionary Accumulation Models: Systematic Critique, Plausible Interpretations, and Alternative Uses
title_fullStr A Picture Guide to Cancer Progression and Evolutionary Accumulation Models: Systematic Critique, Plausible Interpretations, and Alternative Uses
title_full_unstemmed A Picture Guide to Cancer Progression and Evolutionary Accumulation Models: Systematic Critique, Plausible Interpretations, and Alternative Uses
title_short A Picture Guide to Cancer Progression and Evolutionary Accumulation Models: Systematic Critique, Plausible Interpretations, and Alternative Uses
title_sort picture guide to cancer progression and evolutionary accumulation models systematic critique plausible interpretations and alternative uses
topic Bulk sequencing
cancer progression model
epistasis
evolutionary assumptions
fitness landscape
evolutionary accumulation model
url https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10950363/
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