Analysis of the Pelletability of Vegetable Crop Foliage Using a Commercial Flat Die Pellet Mill
Agricultural residues serve as a vast yet underutilized biomass resource with significant potential for bioenergy and biomaterial applications. Converting these residues into densified biomass pellets enhances energy density, handling efficiency, and transportability, offering a sustainable alternat...
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2025-04-01
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| author | Omid Gholami Banadkoki Shahab Sokhansanj Anthony Lau |
| author_facet | Omid Gholami Banadkoki Shahab Sokhansanj Anthony Lau |
| author_sort | Omid Gholami Banadkoki |
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| description | Agricultural residues serve as a vast yet underutilized biomass resource with significant potential for bioenergy and biomaterial applications. Converting these residues into densified biomass pellets enhances energy density, handling efficiency, and transportability, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional feedstocks. While extensive research has focused on woody biomass, studies on the pelletization of vegetable crop foliage remain limited. This study examines the pelletability of foliage from corn, soybean, tomato, eggplant, cucumber, and summer squash, assessing their physical properties, bulk durability, bulk density, and energy consumption during pelletization. Results demonstrated that variation in biomass composition significantly influences pellet quality, with lignin content improving durability and ash content affecting moisture uptake and combustion properties. Cucumber had the highest pellet density (691.2 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) and durability (97.9%), making it suitable for long-term storage and transport. Sawdust exhibited the lowest moisture absorption (16–18% db), which is attributed to its highest lignin content. Pelletization energy requirements varied significantly, with cucumber (21.8 kWh/t) and summer squash (18.7 kWh/t) requiring the lowest energy input, whereas soybean (49.6 kWh/t) and sawdust (47.3 kWh/t) exhibited the highest energy demands due to greater resistance to densification. A predictive model was developed to correlate single pellet density and durability with bulk pellet properties—yielding high predictive accuracy, with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.936 for bulk density (<i>B</i><i>D</i><i><sub>e</sub></i>) and R<sup>2</sup> = 0.861 for bulk durability (<i>B</i><i>D</i><i><sub>u</sub></i>)—thereby facilitating process optimization for large-scale pellet production. This study demonstrated that foliage residues from greenhouse crops, such as cucumber and summer squash, can be effectively pelletized with low energy input and high physical integrity. These outcomes suggest that such underutilized agricultural residues hold promise as a densified intermediate feedstock, supporting future applications in bioenergy systems and advancing circular resource use in controlled-environment agriculture. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ebc2d0fe06fa4837b81fe73598f4ac3d |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-ebc2d0fe06fa4837b81fe73598f4ac3d2025-08-20T02:24:47ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-04-01189228410.3390/en18092284Analysis of the Pelletability of Vegetable Crop Foliage Using a Commercial Flat Die Pellet MillOmid Gholami Banadkoki0Shahab Sokhansanj1Anthony Lau2Biomass and Bioenergy Research Group (BBRG), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, CanadaBiomass and Bioenergy Research Group (BBRG), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, CanadaBiomass and Bioenergy Research Group (BBRG), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, CanadaAgricultural residues serve as a vast yet underutilized biomass resource with significant potential for bioenergy and biomaterial applications. Converting these residues into densified biomass pellets enhances energy density, handling efficiency, and transportability, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional feedstocks. While extensive research has focused on woody biomass, studies on the pelletization of vegetable crop foliage remain limited. This study examines the pelletability of foliage from corn, soybean, tomato, eggplant, cucumber, and summer squash, assessing their physical properties, bulk durability, bulk density, and energy consumption during pelletization. Results demonstrated that variation in biomass composition significantly influences pellet quality, with lignin content improving durability and ash content affecting moisture uptake and combustion properties. Cucumber had the highest pellet density (691.2 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) and durability (97.9%), making it suitable for long-term storage and transport. Sawdust exhibited the lowest moisture absorption (16–18% db), which is attributed to its highest lignin content. Pelletization energy requirements varied significantly, with cucumber (21.8 kWh/t) and summer squash (18.7 kWh/t) requiring the lowest energy input, whereas soybean (49.6 kWh/t) and sawdust (47.3 kWh/t) exhibited the highest energy demands due to greater resistance to densification. A predictive model was developed to correlate single pellet density and durability with bulk pellet properties—yielding high predictive accuracy, with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.936 for bulk density (<i>B</i><i>D</i><i><sub>e</sub></i>) and R<sup>2</sup> = 0.861 for bulk durability (<i>B</i><i>D</i><i><sub>u</sub></i>)—thereby facilitating process optimization for large-scale pellet production. This study demonstrated that foliage residues from greenhouse crops, such as cucumber and summer squash, can be effectively pelletized with low energy input and high physical integrity. These outcomes suggest that such underutilized agricultural residues hold promise as a densified intermediate feedstock, supporting future applications in bioenergy systems and advancing circular resource use in controlled-environment agriculture.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/9/2284agricultural biomassbatch pellet productionbulk durabilitypelletabilityphysiochemical propertiesscale up |
| spellingShingle | Omid Gholami Banadkoki Shahab Sokhansanj Anthony Lau Analysis of the Pelletability of Vegetable Crop Foliage Using a Commercial Flat Die Pellet Mill Energies agricultural biomass batch pellet production bulk durability pelletability physiochemical properties scale up |
| title | Analysis of the Pelletability of Vegetable Crop Foliage Using a Commercial Flat Die Pellet Mill |
| title_full | Analysis of the Pelletability of Vegetable Crop Foliage Using a Commercial Flat Die Pellet Mill |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of the Pelletability of Vegetable Crop Foliage Using a Commercial Flat Die Pellet Mill |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of the Pelletability of Vegetable Crop Foliage Using a Commercial Flat Die Pellet Mill |
| title_short | Analysis of the Pelletability of Vegetable Crop Foliage Using a Commercial Flat Die Pellet Mill |
| title_sort | analysis of the pelletability of vegetable crop foliage using a commercial flat die pellet mill |
| topic | agricultural biomass batch pellet production bulk durability pelletability physiochemical properties scale up |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/9/2284 |
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