Optimization of Manure-Based Substrate Preparation to Reduce Nutrients Losses and Improve Quality for Growth of <i>Agaricus bisporus</i>
With the growing world population, food demand has also increased, resulting in increased agricultural waste and livestock manure production. Wheat straw and cow dung are rich nutrient sources and, if not utilized properly, may lead to environmental pollution. Keeping in view the cultivation of <...
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MDPI AG
2024-10-01
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| author | Yucong Geng Yuhan Wang Han Li Rui Li Shengxiu Ge Hongyuan Wang Shuxia Wu Hongbin Liu |
| author_facet | Yucong Geng Yuhan Wang Han Li Rui Li Shengxiu Ge Hongyuan Wang Shuxia Wu Hongbin Liu |
| author_sort | Yucong Geng |
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| description | With the growing world population, food demand has also increased, resulting in increased agricultural waste and livestock manure production. Wheat straw and cow dung are rich nutrient sources and, if not utilized properly, may lead to environmental pollution. Keeping in view the cultivation of <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> on straw/manure-based substrate, the current study aimed to optimize the conventional manure preparation technique to reduce nutrient losses and keep the quality of manure at its best. The treatments were considered as traditional and optimized schemes for mushroom substrate preparation. The results achieved herein indicated that the nutrient losses were low in the optimum scheme. For carbon (C), the loss was 43.55% at the substrate stage in the traditional scheme and reduced to 37.75% in the optimum scheme. In the case of nitrogen (N), the loss was 22.01% in the traditional scheme and was lower (18.49%) in the optimum scheme. The nutrient concentration in <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> was higher with the optimum scheme compared with the traditional scheme. It was 1.74% for C, 7.17% for N, 3.58% for phosphorus (P), and 4.92% for potassium (K). The optimum scheme also improved the <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> yield per unit area (84.55%) and the total yield (28.92%). The net income of the optimum scheme was 102.95% higher compared to the traditional scheme. The economic analysis also revealed that the benefit–cost ratio of the optimum scheme was high (48.86%) compared with the traditional scheme. This study concludes that the use of the optimum scheme can better utilize the wheat straw and cow manure waste for substrate preparation and reducing nutrient losses. In addition, the final mushroom residue can also be used as a leftover substrate for further utilization. |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj-art-eb7c133f07b742d48169a42d91b5e7cc2025-08-20T02:11:11ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722024-10-011410183310.3390/agriculture14101833Optimization of Manure-Based Substrate Preparation to Reduce Nutrients Losses and Improve Quality for Growth of <i>Agaricus bisporus</i>Yucong Geng0Yuhan Wang1Han Li2Rui Li3Shengxiu Ge4Hongyuan Wang5Shuxia Wu6Hongbin Liu7Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Sciences for Monitoring and Evaluation of Rural Land Utilization, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaSichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Sciences for Monitoring and Evaluation of Rural Land Utilization, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaSichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Sciences for Monitoring and Evaluation of Rural Land Utilization, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaSichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Sciences for Monitoring and Evaluation of Rural Land Utilization, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaChen Keming Food Co., Ltd., Changsha 410116, ChinaKey Laboratory of Non-Point Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Changping Soil Quality National Observation and Research Station/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaKey Laboratory of Non-Point Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Changping Soil Quality National Observation and Research Station/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaKey Laboratory of Non-Point Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Changping Soil Quality National Observation and Research Station/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, ChinaWith the growing world population, food demand has also increased, resulting in increased agricultural waste and livestock manure production. Wheat straw and cow dung are rich nutrient sources and, if not utilized properly, may lead to environmental pollution. Keeping in view the cultivation of <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> on straw/manure-based substrate, the current study aimed to optimize the conventional manure preparation technique to reduce nutrient losses and keep the quality of manure at its best. The treatments were considered as traditional and optimized schemes for mushroom substrate preparation. The results achieved herein indicated that the nutrient losses were low in the optimum scheme. For carbon (C), the loss was 43.55% at the substrate stage in the traditional scheme and reduced to 37.75% in the optimum scheme. In the case of nitrogen (N), the loss was 22.01% in the traditional scheme and was lower (18.49%) in the optimum scheme. The nutrient concentration in <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> was higher with the optimum scheme compared with the traditional scheme. It was 1.74% for C, 7.17% for N, 3.58% for phosphorus (P), and 4.92% for potassium (K). The optimum scheme also improved the <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> yield per unit area (84.55%) and the total yield (28.92%). The net income of the optimum scheme was 102.95% higher compared to the traditional scheme. The economic analysis also revealed that the benefit–cost ratio of the optimum scheme was high (48.86%) compared with the traditional scheme. This study concludes that the use of the optimum scheme can better utilize the wheat straw and cow manure waste for substrate preparation and reducing nutrient losses. In addition, the final mushroom residue can also be used as a leftover substrate for further utilization.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/14/10/1833button mushroomnutrient lossespollutionmushroom substrateyield |
| spellingShingle | Yucong Geng Yuhan Wang Han Li Rui Li Shengxiu Ge Hongyuan Wang Shuxia Wu Hongbin Liu Optimization of Manure-Based Substrate Preparation to Reduce Nutrients Losses and Improve Quality for Growth of <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> Agriculture button mushroom nutrient losses pollution mushroom substrate yield |
| title | Optimization of Manure-Based Substrate Preparation to Reduce Nutrients Losses and Improve Quality for Growth of <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> |
| title_full | Optimization of Manure-Based Substrate Preparation to Reduce Nutrients Losses and Improve Quality for Growth of <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> |
| title_fullStr | Optimization of Manure-Based Substrate Preparation to Reduce Nutrients Losses and Improve Quality for Growth of <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimization of Manure-Based Substrate Preparation to Reduce Nutrients Losses and Improve Quality for Growth of <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> |
| title_short | Optimization of Manure-Based Substrate Preparation to Reduce Nutrients Losses and Improve Quality for Growth of <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> |
| title_sort | optimization of manure based substrate preparation to reduce nutrients losses and improve quality for growth of i agaricus bisporus i |
| topic | button mushroom nutrient losses pollution mushroom substrate yield |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/14/10/1833 |
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