Refractory Coeliac Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Emerging Therapies

Coeliac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals, leading to intestinal damage, malabsorption, and systemic complications. Although traditionally considered a gastrointestinal disorder, CD is now recognized as a multisys...

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Main Authors: Agnieszka Starzyk, Piotr Charzewski
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń 2025-02-01
Series:Quality in Sport
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Online Access:https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/58406
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author Agnieszka Starzyk
Piotr Charzewski
author_facet Agnieszka Starzyk
Piotr Charzewski
author_sort Agnieszka Starzyk
collection DOAJ
description Coeliac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals, leading to intestinal damage, malabsorption, and systemic complications. Although traditionally considered a gastrointestinal disorder, CD is now recognized as a multisystem condition with neurological, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and cardiovascular manifestations. Despite advancements in diagnostic tools, the disease remains underdiagnosed due to its diverse clinical presentations. The global prevalence of CD is approximately 1%, with increasing incidence linked to improved screening and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves serological testing, histological examination, and, in select cases, genetic screening. While strict adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) is currently the only effective treatment, many patients face dietary compliance challenges, nutritional deficiencies, and persistent symptoms, necessitating further investigation for refractory CD. Findings highlight that while GFD remains the cornerstone of treatment, adherence difficulties and ongoing symptoms in some patients require alternative interventions. Research into immune modulation, gut microbiota therapies, and intestinal permeability regulation is ongoing, with promising developments for non-dietary treatment options.
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publisher Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
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series Quality in Sport
spelling doaj-art-eafcd8a068934f8bac436d4781ee90382025-08-20T02:48:29ZengNicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńQuality in Sport2450-31182025-02-013810.12775/QS.2025.38.58406Refractory Coeliac Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Emerging TherapiesAgnieszka Starzyk0https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8696-4187Piotr Charzewski1https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5170-3899Medical University of WarsawKozminski University Coeliac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals, leading to intestinal damage, malabsorption, and systemic complications. Although traditionally considered a gastrointestinal disorder, CD is now recognized as a multisystem condition with neurological, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and cardiovascular manifestations. Despite advancements in diagnostic tools, the disease remains underdiagnosed due to its diverse clinical presentations. The global prevalence of CD is approximately 1%, with increasing incidence linked to improved screening and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves serological testing, histological examination, and, in select cases, genetic screening. While strict adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) is currently the only effective treatment, many patients face dietary compliance challenges, nutritional deficiencies, and persistent symptoms, necessitating further investigation for refractory CD. Findings highlight that while GFD remains the cornerstone of treatment, adherence difficulties and ongoing symptoms in some patients require alternative interventions. Research into immune modulation, gut microbiota therapies, and intestinal permeability regulation is ongoing, with promising developments for non-dietary treatment options. https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/58406coeliac diseasegluten intolerancegluten free dietnutrient malabsorptiongut microbiome
spellingShingle Agnieszka Starzyk
Piotr Charzewski
Refractory Coeliac Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Emerging Therapies
Quality in Sport
coeliac disease
gluten intolerance
gluten free diet
nutrient malabsorption
gut microbiome
title Refractory Coeliac Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Emerging Therapies
title_full Refractory Coeliac Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Emerging Therapies
title_fullStr Refractory Coeliac Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Emerging Therapies
title_full_unstemmed Refractory Coeliac Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Emerging Therapies
title_short Refractory Coeliac Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Emerging Therapies
title_sort refractory coeliac disease diagnosis treatment and emerging therapies
topic coeliac disease
gluten intolerance
gluten free diet
nutrient malabsorption
gut microbiome
url https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/58406
work_keys_str_mv AT agnieszkastarzyk refractorycoeliacdiseasediagnosistreatmentandemergingtherapies
AT piotrcharzewski refractorycoeliacdiseasediagnosistreatmentandemergingtherapies