An Investigation of Pre-Seismic Ionospheric TEC and Acoustic–Gravity Wave Coupling Phenomena Using BDS GEO Measurements: A Case Study of the 2023 Jishishan Ms6.2 Earthquake
This study investigates pre-seismic ionospheric anomalies preceding the 2023 Jishishan Ms6.2 earthquake using total electron content (TEC) data derived from BDS geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites. Multi-scale analysis integrating Butterworth filtering and wavelet transforms resolved TEC disturbanc...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/13/2296 |
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| author | Xiao Gao Lina Shu Zongfang Ma Penggang Tian Lin Pan Hailong Zhang Shuai Yang |
| author_facet | Xiao Gao Lina Shu Zongfang Ma Penggang Tian Lin Pan Hailong Zhang Shuai Yang |
| author_sort | Xiao Gao |
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| description | This study investigates pre-seismic ionospheric anomalies preceding the 2023 Jishishan Ms6.2 earthquake using total electron content (TEC) data derived from BDS geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites. Multi-scale analysis integrating Butterworth filtering and wavelet transforms resolved TEC disturbances into three distinct frequency regimes: (1) high-frequency perturbations (0.56–3.33 mHz) showed localized disturbances (amplitude ≤ 4 TECU, range < 300 km), potentially associated with near-field acoustic waves from crustal stress adjustments; (2) mid-frequency signals (0.28–0.56 mHz) exhibited anisotropic propagation (>1200 km) with azimuth-dependent N-shaped waveforms, consistent with the characteristics of acoustic–gravity waves (AGWs); and (3) low-frequency components (0.18–0.28 mHz) demonstrated phase reversal and power-law amplitude attenuation, suggesting possible lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere (LAI) coupling oscillations. The stark contrast between near-field residuals and far-field weak fluctuations highlighted the dominance of large-scale atmospheric gravity waves over localized acoustic disturbances. Geometry-based velocity inversion revealed incoherent high-frequency dynamics (5–30 min) versus anisotropic mid/low-frequency traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID) propagation (30–90 min) at 175–270 m/s, aligning with theoretical AGW behavior. During concurrent G1-class geomagnetic storm activity, spatial attenuation gradients and velocity anisotropy appear primarily consistent with seismogenic sources, providing insights for precursor discrimination and contributing to understanding multi-scale coupling in seismo-ionospheric systems. |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-eaf4bf9bfaf748d594b67b88628bc9372025-08-20T03:50:21ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-07-011713229610.3390/rs17132296An Investigation of Pre-Seismic Ionospheric TEC and Acoustic–Gravity Wave Coupling Phenomena Using BDS GEO Measurements: A Case Study of the 2023 Jishishan Ms6.2 EarthquakeXiao Gao0Lina Shu1Zongfang Ma2Penggang Tian3Lin Pan4Hailong Zhang5Shuai Yang6College of Information and Control Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, ChinaCollege of Information and Control Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, ChinaCollege of Information and Control Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, ChinaShaanxi Construction Engineering Holding Group Corp., Ltd., Xi’an 710115, ChinaSchool of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, ChinaNorthwest Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd. (NWEPDI) of China Power Engineering Consulting Group, Xi’an 710075, ChinaNorthwest Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd. (NWEPDI) of China Power Engineering Consulting Group, Xi’an 710075, ChinaThis study investigates pre-seismic ionospheric anomalies preceding the 2023 Jishishan Ms6.2 earthquake using total electron content (TEC) data derived from BDS geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites. Multi-scale analysis integrating Butterworth filtering and wavelet transforms resolved TEC disturbances into three distinct frequency regimes: (1) high-frequency perturbations (0.56–3.33 mHz) showed localized disturbances (amplitude ≤ 4 TECU, range < 300 km), potentially associated with near-field acoustic waves from crustal stress adjustments; (2) mid-frequency signals (0.28–0.56 mHz) exhibited anisotropic propagation (>1200 km) with azimuth-dependent N-shaped waveforms, consistent with the characteristics of acoustic–gravity waves (AGWs); and (3) low-frequency components (0.18–0.28 mHz) demonstrated phase reversal and power-law amplitude attenuation, suggesting possible lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere (LAI) coupling oscillations. The stark contrast between near-field residuals and far-field weak fluctuations highlighted the dominance of large-scale atmospheric gravity waves over localized acoustic disturbances. Geometry-based velocity inversion revealed incoherent high-frequency dynamics (5–30 min) versus anisotropic mid/low-frequency traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID) propagation (30–90 min) at 175–270 m/s, aligning with theoretical AGW behavior. During concurrent G1-class geomagnetic storm activity, spatial attenuation gradients and velocity anisotropy appear primarily consistent with seismogenic sources, providing insights for precursor discrimination and contributing to understanding multi-scale coupling in seismo-ionospheric systems.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/13/22962023 Jishishan Ms6.2 earthquakeBDS GEOTECacoustic–gravity waveseismo-ionospheric anomaly |
| spellingShingle | Xiao Gao Lina Shu Zongfang Ma Penggang Tian Lin Pan Hailong Zhang Shuai Yang An Investigation of Pre-Seismic Ionospheric TEC and Acoustic–Gravity Wave Coupling Phenomena Using BDS GEO Measurements: A Case Study of the 2023 Jishishan Ms6.2 Earthquake Remote Sensing 2023 Jishishan Ms6.2 earthquake BDS GEO TEC acoustic–gravity wave seismo-ionospheric anomaly |
| title | An Investigation of Pre-Seismic Ionospheric TEC and Acoustic–Gravity Wave Coupling Phenomena Using BDS GEO Measurements: A Case Study of the 2023 Jishishan Ms6.2 Earthquake |
| title_full | An Investigation of Pre-Seismic Ionospheric TEC and Acoustic–Gravity Wave Coupling Phenomena Using BDS GEO Measurements: A Case Study of the 2023 Jishishan Ms6.2 Earthquake |
| title_fullStr | An Investigation of Pre-Seismic Ionospheric TEC and Acoustic–Gravity Wave Coupling Phenomena Using BDS GEO Measurements: A Case Study of the 2023 Jishishan Ms6.2 Earthquake |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Investigation of Pre-Seismic Ionospheric TEC and Acoustic–Gravity Wave Coupling Phenomena Using BDS GEO Measurements: A Case Study of the 2023 Jishishan Ms6.2 Earthquake |
| title_short | An Investigation of Pre-Seismic Ionospheric TEC and Acoustic–Gravity Wave Coupling Phenomena Using BDS GEO Measurements: A Case Study of the 2023 Jishishan Ms6.2 Earthquake |
| title_sort | investigation of pre seismic ionospheric tec and acoustic gravity wave coupling phenomena using bds geo measurements a case study of the 2023 jishishan ms6 2 earthquake |
| topic | 2023 Jishishan Ms6.2 earthquake BDS GEO TEC acoustic–gravity wave seismo-ionospheric anomaly |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/13/2296 |
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