VR-Aided Ankle Rehabilitation Decision-Making Based on Convolutional Gated Recurrent Neural Network
Traditional rehabilitation training for stroke patients with ankle joint issues typically relies on the expertise of physicians. However, when confronted with complex challenges, such as online decision-making or assessing rehabilitation progress, even seasoned experts may not anticipate all potenti...
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MDPI AG
2024-10-01
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| author | Hu Zhang Yujia Liao Chang Zhu Wei Meng Quan Liu Sheng Q. Xie |
| author_facet | Hu Zhang Yujia Liao Chang Zhu Wei Meng Quan Liu Sheng Q. Xie |
| author_sort | Hu Zhang |
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| description | Traditional rehabilitation training for stroke patients with ankle joint issues typically relies on the expertise of physicians. However, when confronted with complex challenges, such as online decision-making or assessing rehabilitation progress, even seasoned experts may not anticipate all potential hurdles. A novel approach is necessary—one that effectively addresses these complexities without solely leaning on expert experience. Previous studies have introduced a rehabilitation assessment method based on fuzzy neural networks. This paper proposes a novel approach, which is a VR-aided ankle rehabilitation decision-making model based on a convolutional gated recurrent neural network. This model takes various inputs, including ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, angular velocity, jerk, and motion performance scores, gathered from wearable motion inertial sensors during virtual reality rehabilitation. To overcome the challenge of limited data, data augmentation techniques are employed. This allows for the simulation of five stages of rehabilitation based on the Brunnstrom staging scale, providing tailored control parameters for virtual training scenarios suited to patients at different stages of recovery. Experiments comparing the classification performance of convolutional neural networks and long short-term memory networks were conducted. The results were compelling: the optimized convolutional gated recurrent neural network outperformed both alternatives, boasting an average accuracy of 99.16% and a Macro-F1 score of 0.9786. Importantly, it demonstrated a strong correlation (correlation coefficient r > 0.9) with the assessments made by clinical rehabilitation experts, showing its effectiveness in real-world applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-eae0d8f772ca4b0d84b1a3368934dee6 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj-art-eae0d8f772ca4b0d84b1a3368934dee62025-08-20T02:49:49ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202024-10-012421699810.3390/s24216998VR-Aided Ankle Rehabilitation Decision-Making Based on Convolutional Gated Recurrent Neural NetworkHu Zhang0Yujia Liao1Chang Zhu2Wei Meng3Quan Liu4Sheng Q. Xie5School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, ChinaSchool of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, ChinaSchool of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, ChinaSchool of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, ChinaSchool of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, ChinaSchool of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UKTraditional rehabilitation training for stroke patients with ankle joint issues typically relies on the expertise of physicians. However, when confronted with complex challenges, such as online decision-making or assessing rehabilitation progress, even seasoned experts may not anticipate all potential hurdles. A novel approach is necessary—one that effectively addresses these complexities without solely leaning on expert experience. Previous studies have introduced a rehabilitation assessment method based on fuzzy neural networks. This paper proposes a novel approach, which is a VR-aided ankle rehabilitation decision-making model based on a convolutional gated recurrent neural network. This model takes various inputs, including ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, angular velocity, jerk, and motion performance scores, gathered from wearable motion inertial sensors during virtual reality rehabilitation. To overcome the challenge of limited data, data augmentation techniques are employed. This allows for the simulation of five stages of rehabilitation based on the Brunnstrom staging scale, providing tailored control parameters for virtual training scenarios suited to patients at different stages of recovery. Experiments comparing the classification performance of convolutional neural networks and long short-term memory networks were conducted. The results were compelling: the optimized convolutional gated recurrent neural network outperformed both alternatives, boasting an average accuracy of 99.16% and a Macro-F1 score of 0.9786. Importantly, it demonstrated a strong correlation (correlation coefficient r > 0.9) with the assessments made by clinical rehabilitation experts, showing its effectiveness in real-world applications.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/21/6998strokerehabilitationrehabilitation decision-makingconvolutional gated recurrent neural networkwhale optimization algorithm |
| spellingShingle | Hu Zhang Yujia Liao Chang Zhu Wei Meng Quan Liu Sheng Q. Xie VR-Aided Ankle Rehabilitation Decision-Making Based on Convolutional Gated Recurrent Neural Network Sensors stroke rehabilitation rehabilitation decision-making convolutional gated recurrent neural network whale optimization algorithm |
| title | VR-Aided Ankle Rehabilitation Decision-Making Based on Convolutional Gated Recurrent Neural Network |
| title_full | VR-Aided Ankle Rehabilitation Decision-Making Based on Convolutional Gated Recurrent Neural Network |
| title_fullStr | VR-Aided Ankle Rehabilitation Decision-Making Based on Convolutional Gated Recurrent Neural Network |
| title_full_unstemmed | VR-Aided Ankle Rehabilitation Decision-Making Based on Convolutional Gated Recurrent Neural Network |
| title_short | VR-Aided Ankle Rehabilitation Decision-Making Based on Convolutional Gated Recurrent Neural Network |
| title_sort | vr aided ankle rehabilitation decision making based on convolutional gated recurrent neural network |
| topic | stroke rehabilitation rehabilitation decision-making convolutional gated recurrent neural network whale optimization algorithm |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/21/6998 |
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