Flies as carriers of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria in Nigerian hospitals: A workflow for surveillance of AMR bacteria carried by arthropod pests in hospital settings

The dissemination of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria by flies in hospitals is concerning as nosocomial AMR infections pose a significant threat to public health. This threat is compounded in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) by several factors, including limited resources for sufficien...

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Main Authors: Kate Cook, Shonnette Premchand-Branker, Maria Nieto-Rosado, Edward A.R. Portal, Mei Li, Claudia Orbegozo Rubio, Jordan Mathias, Jawaria Aziz, Kenneth Iregbu, Seniyat Larai Afegbua, Aminu Aliyu, Yahaya Mohammed, Ifeyinwa Nwafia, Oyinlola Oduyebo, Abdulrasul Ibrahim, Zainab Tanko, Timothy R. Walsh, Chioma Achi, Kirsty Sands
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-02-01
Series:Environment International
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412025000455
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author Kate Cook
Shonnette Premchand-Branker
Maria Nieto-Rosado
Edward A.R. Portal
Mei Li
Claudia Orbegozo Rubio
Jordan Mathias
Jawaria Aziz
Kenneth Iregbu
Seniyat Larai Afegbua
Aminu Aliyu
Yahaya Mohammed
Ifeyinwa Nwafia
Oyinlola Oduyebo
Abdulrasul Ibrahim
Zainab Tanko
Timothy R. Walsh
Chioma Achi
Kirsty Sands
author_facet Kate Cook
Shonnette Premchand-Branker
Maria Nieto-Rosado
Edward A.R. Portal
Mei Li
Claudia Orbegozo Rubio
Jordan Mathias
Jawaria Aziz
Kenneth Iregbu
Seniyat Larai Afegbua
Aminu Aliyu
Yahaya Mohammed
Ifeyinwa Nwafia
Oyinlola Oduyebo
Abdulrasul Ibrahim
Zainab Tanko
Timothy R. Walsh
Chioma Achi
Kirsty Sands
author_sort Kate Cook
collection DOAJ
description The dissemination of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria by flies in hospitals is concerning as nosocomial AMR infections pose a significant threat to public health. This threat is compounded in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) by several factors, including limited resources for sufficient infection prevention and control (IPC) practices and high numbers of flies in tropical climates. In this pilot study, 1,396 flies were collected between August and September 2022 from eight tertiary care hospitals in six cities (Abuja, Enugu, Kaduna, Kano, Lagos and Sokoto) in Nigeria. Flies were screened via microbiological culture and bacterial isolates were phenotypically and genetically characterised to determine carriage of clinically important antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Several clinically relevant ARGs were found in bacteria isolated from flies across all hospitals. blaNDM was detected in 8% of flies and was predominantly carried by Providencia spp. alongside clinically relevant Enterobacter spp, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, which all exhibited a multidrug resistant phenotype. mecA was detected at a prevalence of 6.4%, mostly in coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) as well as some Staphylococcus aureus, of which 86.8% were multidrug resistant. 40% of flies carried bacteria with at least one of the two ESBL genes tested (blaOXA-1 and blaCTX-M−15). This multi-site study emphasised that flies in hospital settings carry bacteria that are resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics, including both routinely used and reserve antibiotics. A greater understanding of the global clinical significance and burden of AMR attributable to insect pests is required.
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spelling doaj-art-eab712aa837f488088ca1bf5b6265cef2025-08-20T03:11:57ZengElsevierEnvironment International0160-41202025-02-0119610929410.1016/j.envint.2025.109294Flies as carriers of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria in Nigerian hospitals: A workflow for surveillance of AMR bacteria carried by arthropod pests in hospital settingsKate Cook0Shonnette Premchand-Branker1Maria Nieto-Rosado2Edward A.R. Portal3Mei Li4Claudia Orbegozo Rubio5Jordan Mathias6Jawaria Aziz7Kenneth Iregbu8Seniyat Larai Afegbua9Aminu Aliyu10Yahaya Mohammed11Ifeyinwa Nwafia12Oyinlola Oduyebo13Abdulrasul Ibrahim14Zainab Tanko15Timothy R. Walsh16Chioma Achi17Kirsty Sands18Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomIneos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomIneos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomIneos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, Heath Campus, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United KingdomIneos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomIneos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomDivision of Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, Heath Campus, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United KingdomDivision of Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, Heath Campus, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United KingdomDepartment of Medical Microbiology, National Hospital Abuja, NigeriaDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Biotechnology, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, NigeriaDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, NigeriaDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, NigeriaDepartment of Medical Microbiology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, NigeriaDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, NigeriaDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, NigeriaDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Kaduna State University, Kaduna State, NigeriaIneos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomIneos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United KingdomIneos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, Heath Campus, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Corresponding author.The dissemination of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria by flies in hospitals is concerning as nosocomial AMR infections pose a significant threat to public health. This threat is compounded in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) by several factors, including limited resources for sufficient infection prevention and control (IPC) practices and high numbers of flies in tropical climates. In this pilot study, 1,396 flies were collected between August and September 2022 from eight tertiary care hospitals in six cities (Abuja, Enugu, Kaduna, Kano, Lagos and Sokoto) in Nigeria. Flies were screened via microbiological culture and bacterial isolates were phenotypically and genetically characterised to determine carriage of clinically important antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Several clinically relevant ARGs were found in bacteria isolated from flies across all hospitals. blaNDM was detected in 8% of flies and was predominantly carried by Providencia spp. alongside clinically relevant Enterobacter spp, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, which all exhibited a multidrug resistant phenotype. mecA was detected at a prevalence of 6.4%, mostly in coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) as well as some Staphylococcus aureus, of which 86.8% were multidrug resistant. 40% of flies carried bacteria with at least one of the two ESBL genes tested (blaOXA-1 and blaCTX-M−15). This multi-site study emphasised that flies in hospital settings carry bacteria that are resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics, including both routinely used and reserve antibiotics. A greater understanding of the global clinical significance and burden of AMR attributable to insect pests is required.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412025000455Antimicrobial resistanceCarbapenemasemecANigeriaDipteraVector
spellingShingle Kate Cook
Shonnette Premchand-Branker
Maria Nieto-Rosado
Edward A.R. Portal
Mei Li
Claudia Orbegozo Rubio
Jordan Mathias
Jawaria Aziz
Kenneth Iregbu
Seniyat Larai Afegbua
Aminu Aliyu
Yahaya Mohammed
Ifeyinwa Nwafia
Oyinlola Oduyebo
Abdulrasul Ibrahim
Zainab Tanko
Timothy R. Walsh
Chioma Achi
Kirsty Sands
Flies as carriers of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria in Nigerian hospitals: A workflow for surveillance of AMR bacteria carried by arthropod pests in hospital settings
Environment International
Antimicrobial resistance
Carbapenemase
mecA
Nigeria
Diptera
Vector
title Flies as carriers of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria in Nigerian hospitals: A workflow for surveillance of AMR bacteria carried by arthropod pests in hospital settings
title_full Flies as carriers of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria in Nigerian hospitals: A workflow for surveillance of AMR bacteria carried by arthropod pests in hospital settings
title_fullStr Flies as carriers of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria in Nigerian hospitals: A workflow for surveillance of AMR bacteria carried by arthropod pests in hospital settings
title_full_unstemmed Flies as carriers of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria in Nigerian hospitals: A workflow for surveillance of AMR bacteria carried by arthropod pests in hospital settings
title_short Flies as carriers of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria in Nigerian hospitals: A workflow for surveillance of AMR bacteria carried by arthropod pests in hospital settings
title_sort flies as carriers of antimicrobial resistant amr bacteria in nigerian hospitals a workflow for surveillance of amr bacteria carried by arthropod pests in hospital settings
topic Antimicrobial resistance
Carbapenemase
mecA
Nigeria
Diptera
Vector
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412025000455
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