Optimizing design parameters of 3D‐printed poly‐4‐hydroxybutyrate nipple scaffolds for nipple reconstruction

Abstract Nipple reconstruction in patients who undergo total mastectomy or nipple‐sparing mastectomy is currently limited by a consistent and significant loss of nipple projection over time, which can negatively affect patient satisfaction and quality of life. To address this issue, we have previous...

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Main Authors: Xue Dong, Sophia Salingaros, Timothy Butler, Skander Limem, Jason A. Spector
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2025-07-01
Series:Bioengineering & Translational Medicine
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1002/btm2.70010
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author Xue Dong
Sophia Salingaros
Timothy Butler
Skander Limem
Jason A. Spector
author_facet Xue Dong
Sophia Salingaros
Timothy Butler
Skander Limem
Jason A. Spector
author_sort Xue Dong
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Nipple reconstruction in patients who undergo total mastectomy or nipple‐sparing mastectomy is currently limited by a consistent and significant loss of nipple projection over time, which can negatively affect patient satisfaction and quality of life. To address this issue, we have previously shown that 3D‐printed poly‐4‐hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) nipple‐shaped scaffolds promote long‐term maintenance of nipple projection in a rat model. Herein, we further optimize the 3D printing parameters (filament diameter and infill density) of absorbable P4HB latticework scaffolds as well as scaffolds fabricated from rolled P4HB knitted mesh to facilitate tissue formation with similar biomechanical properties of the native nipple, while maintaining long‐term shape and projection. Over 12 months of in vivo implantation in a dorsal, bilateral CV‐flap rat model of nipple reconstruction, 3D‐printed P4HB latticework and knitted mesh scaffolded groups demonstrated significantly greater maintenance in projection (80–100% of initial value) when compared to the Cook Biodesign® Nipple Cylinder (~40% of initial projection), resulting from the infiltration of healthy fibrovascular adipose tissue, which demonstrated biomechanical qualities that approached those of the native human nipple. Overall, our results demonstrate that using a 3D‐printed P4HB latticework and rolled P4HB knitted mesh scaffolds significantly improved long‐term results in our animal model of nipple reconstruction and hold promise for improving nipple reconstruction outcomes in future clinical practice.
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spelling doaj-art-ea62d953fb4144e79c9e7c3343156e6b2025-08-20T03:55:54ZengWileyBioengineering & Translational Medicine2380-67612025-07-01104n/an/a10.1002/btm2.70010Optimizing design parameters of 3D‐printed poly‐4‐hydroxybutyrate nipple scaffolds for nipple reconstructionXue Dong0Sophia Salingaros1Timothy Butler2Skander Limem3Jason A. Spector4Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine & Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery Weill Cornell Medical College New York New York USALaboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine & Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery Weill Cornell Medical College New York New York USABecton, Dickinson and Company (BD) Surgery Division Lexington Massachusetts USABecton, Dickinson and Company (BD) Surgery Division Lexington Massachusetts USALaboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine & Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery Weill Cornell Medical College New York New York USAAbstract Nipple reconstruction in patients who undergo total mastectomy or nipple‐sparing mastectomy is currently limited by a consistent and significant loss of nipple projection over time, which can negatively affect patient satisfaction and quality of life. To address this issue, we have previously shown that 3D‐printed poly‐4‐hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) nipple‐shaped scaffolds promote long‐term maintenance of nipple projection in a rat model. Herein, we further optimize the 3D printing parameters (filament diameter and infill density) of absorbable P4HB latticework scaffolds as well as scaffolds fabricated from rolled P4HB knitted mesh to facilitate tissue formation with similar biomechanical properties of the native nipple, while maintaining long‐term shape and projection. Over 12 months of in vivo implantation in a dorsal, bilateral CV‐flap rat model of nipple reconstruction, 3D‐printed P4HB latticework and knitted mesh scaffolded groups demonstrated significantly greater maintenance in projection (80–100% of initial value) when compared to the Cook Biodesign® Nipple Cylinder (~40% of initial projection), resulting from the infiltration of healthy fibrovascular adipose tissue, which demonstrated biomechanical qualities that approached those of the native human nipple. Overall, our results demonstrate that using a 3D‐printed P4HB latticework and rolled P4HB knitted mesh scaffolds significantly improved long‐term results in our animal model of nipple reconstruction and hold promise for improving nipple reconstruction outcomes in future clinical practice.https://doi.org/10.1002/btm2.700103D printingabsorbablemeshnipple reconstructionP4HBscaffold
spellingShingle Xue Dong
Sophia Salingaros
Timothy Butler
Skander Limem
Jason A. Spector
Optimizing design parameters of 3D‐printed poly‐4‐hydroxybutyrate nipple scaffolds for nipple reconstruction
Bioengineering & Translational Medicine
3D printing
absorbable
mesh
nipple reconstruction
P4HB
scaffold
title Optimizing design parameters of 3D‐printed poly‐4‐hydroxybutyrate nipple scaffolds for nipple reconstruction
title_full Optimizing design parameters of 3D‐printed poly‐4‐hydroxybutyrate nipple scaffolds for nipple reconstruction
title_fullStr Optimizing design parameters of 3D‐printed poly‐4‐hydroxybutyrate nipple scaffolds for nipple reconstruction
title_full_unstemmed Optimizing design parameters of 3D‐printed poly‐4‐hydroxybutyrate nipple scaffolds for nipple reconstruction
title_short Optimizing design parameters of 3D‐printed poly‐4‐hydroxybutyrate nipple scaffolds for nipple reconstruction
title_sort optimizing design parameters of 3d printed poly 4 hydroxybutyrate nipple scaffolds for nipple reconstruction
topic 3D printing
absorbable
mesh
nipple reconstruction
P4HB
scaffold
url https://doi.org/10.1002/btm2.70010
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