Light Regulates Secreted Metabolite Production and Antagonistic Activity in <i>Trichoderma</i>
Secondary metabolism is one of the main mechanisms <i>Trichoderma</i> uses to explore and colonize new niches, and 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP) is an important secondary metabolite in this process. This work focused on standardizing a method to investigate the production of 6-PP. Ethanol and...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Edgardo Ulises Esquivel-Naranjo Hector Mancilla-Diaz Rudi Marquez-Mazlin Hossein Alizadeh Diwakar Kandula John Hampton Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza |
| author_facet | Edgardo Ulises Esquivel-Naranjo Hector Mancilla-Diaz Rudi Marquez-Mazlin Hossein Alizadeh Diwakar Kandula John Hampton Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza |
| author_sort | Edgardo Ulises Esquivel-Naranjo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Secondary metabolism is one of the main mechanisms <i>Trichoderma</i> uses to explore and colonize new niches, and 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP) is an important secondary metabolite in this process. This work focused on standardizing a method to investigate the production of 6-PP. Ethanol and ethyl acetate were both effective solvents for quantifying 6-PP in solution and had limited solubility in potato–dextrose–broth media. The 6-PP extraction using ethyl acetate provided a rapid and efficient process to recover this metabolite. The 6-PP was readily produced during the development of <i>Trichoderma atroviride</i> growing in the dark, but light suppressed its production. The 6-PP was purified, and its spectrum by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy was identical to that of commercial 6-PP. Light also induced or suppressed other unidentified metabolites in several other species of <i>Trichoderma</i>. The antagonistic activity of <i>T. atroviride</i> was influenced by light, as suppression of plant pathogens was greater in the dark. The secreted metabolite production on potato–dextrose–agar was differentially regulated by light, indicating that <i>Trichoderma</i> produced several metabolites with antagonistic activity against plant pathogens. Light has an important influence on the secondary metabolism and antagonistic activity of <i>Trichoderma</i>, and this trait is of key relevance for selecting antagonistic <i>Trichoderma</i> strains for plant protection. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ea5fa8b9f0dc41e880d78fedf6a57501 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj-art-ea5fa8b9f0dc41e880d78fedf6a575012025-01-24T13:37:12ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2024-12-01111910.3390/jof11010009Light Regulates Secreted Metabolite Production and Antagonistic Activity in <i>Trichoderma</i>Edgardo Ulises Esquivel-Naranjo0Hector Mancilla-Diaz1Rudi Marquez-Mazlin2Hossein Alizadeh3Diwakar Kandula4John Hampton5Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza6Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New ZealandSchool of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New ZealandSchool of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New ZealandFaculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New ZealandFaculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New ZealandFaculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New ZealandFaculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New ZealandSecondary metabolism is one of the main mechanisms <i>Trichoderma</i> uses to explore and colonize new niches, and 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP) is an important secondary metabolite in this process. This work focused on standardizing a method to investigate the production of 6-PP. Ethanol and ethyl acetate were both effective solvents for quantifying 6-PP in solution and had limited solubility in potato–dextrose–broth media. The 6-PP extraction using ethyl acetate provided a rapid and efficient process to recover this metabolite. The 6-PP was readily produced during the development of <i>Trichoderma atroviride</i> growing in the dark, but light suppressed its production. The 6-PP was purified, and its spectrum by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy was identical to that of commercial 6-PP. Light also induced or suppressed other unidentified metabolites in several other species of <i>Trichoderma</i>. The antagonistic activity of <i>T. atroviride</i> was influenced by light, as suppression of plant pathogens was greater in the dark. The secreted metabolite production on potato–dextrose–agar was differentially regulated by light, indicating that <i>Trichoderma</i> produced several metabolites with antagonistic activity against plant pathogens. Light has an important influence on the secondary metabolism and antagonistic activity of <i>Trichoderma</i>, and this trait is of key relevance for selecting antagonistic <i>Trichoderma</i> strains for plant protection.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/1/9crop protectionplant pathogenbiocontrolantagonismsecondary metabolismfungal biotechnology |
| spellingShingle | Edgardo Ulises Esquivel-Naranjo Hector Mancilla-Diaz Rudi Marquez-Mazlin Hossein Alizadeh Diwakar Kandula John Hampton Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza Light Regulates Secreted Metabolite Production and Antagonistic Activity in <i>Trichoderma</i> Journal of Fungi crop protection plant pathogen biocontrol antagonism secondary metabolism fungal biotechnology |
| title | Light Regulates Secreted Metabolite Production and Antagonistic Activity in <i>Trichoderma</i> |
| title_full | Light Regulates Secreted Metabolite Production and Antagonistic Activity in <i>Trichoderma</i> |
| title_fullStr | Light Regulates Secreted Metabolite Production and Antagonistic Activity in <i>Trichoderma</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Light Regulates Secreted Metabolite Production and Antagonistic Activity in <i>Trichoderma</i> |
| title_short | Light Regulates Secreted Metabolite Production and Antagonistic Activity in <i>Trichoderma</i> |
| title_sort | light regulates secreted metabolite production and antagonistic activity in i trichoderma i |
| topic | crop protection plant pathogen biocontrol antagonism secondary metabolism fungal biotechnology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/1/9 |
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