Photogrammetry and Traditional Bathymetry for High-Resolution Underwater Mapping in Shallow Waters

This study addresses the critical need for accurate mapping of submerged terrain, which is essential for hydraulic modeling, environmental monitoring, and water resource management. Traditional bathymetric techniques, such as topographic surveys and acoustic soundings, face spatial continuity and us...

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Main Authors: A. Spadaro, F. Chiabrando, A. Lingua, P. Maschio
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Copernicus Publications 2025-07-01
Series:The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
Online Access:https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-2-W10-2025/279/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-2-W10-2025-279-2025.pdf
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author A. Spadaro
F. Chiabrando
A. Lingua
P. Maschio
author_facet A. Spadaro
F. Chiabrando
A. Lingua
P. Maschio
author_sort A. Spadaro
collection DOAJ
description This study addresses the critical need for accurate mapping of submerged terrain, which is essential for hydraulic modeling, environmental monitoring, and water resource management. Traditional bathymetric techniques, such as topographic surveys and acoustic soundings, face spatial continuity and usability challenges in shallow or vegetated waters. Recent advances, including Uncrewed Surface Vessels (USVs) equipped with GNSS and acoustic sensors, along with UAV-based photogrammetry for 3D modeling in clear waters, have expanded capabilities. However, optical methods suffer from depth underestimation due to light refraction, requiring geometric corrections. To address these limitations, the paper proposes a multi-sensor fusion workflow that integrates high-precision topographic data from total stations and GNSS, depth measurements from a USV equipped with a single-beam echo sounder, and UAV-derived optical bathymetry corrected for refraction using Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques. The goal is to combine each method's strengths to overcome their weaknesses and produce an accurate, high-resolution bathymetric model. Validation against ground truth data demonstrated significant improvements in data quality, aligning with standards for shallow-water mapping. Notably, the use of corrected UAV photogrammetry extended effective depth measurements to 4–5 meters, exceeding typical optical limits. The combined methodology ensures robust spatial coverage, precise georeferencing, and transparent independent measurements, making it particularly well-suited for complex lacustrine (lake) environments. The results highlight the operational benefits of using complementary technologies and suggest potential for further enhancement through Machine Learning and Deep Learning techniques to refine data integration and analysis.
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issn 1682-1750
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series The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
spelling doaj-art-ea2136e17352411b82b6d96895bb83c82025-08-20T03:50:11ZengCopernicus PublicationsThe International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences1682-17502194-90342025-07-01XLVIII-2-W10-202527928610.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-2-W10-2025-279-2025Photogrammetry and Traditional Bathymetry for High-Resolution Underwater Mapping in Shallow WatersA. Spadaro0F. Chiabrando1A. Lingua2P. Maschio3Geomatics Lab, Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino (TO), ItalyLaboratory of Geomatics for Cultural Heritage (LabG4CH), Department of Architecture and Design (DAD), Politecnico di Torino, Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli, 39, Torino (TO), ItalyGeomatics Lab, Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino (TO), ItalyGeomatics Lab, Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino (TO), ItalyThis study addresses the critical need for accurate mapping of submerged terrain, which is essential for hydraulic modeling, environmental monitoring, and water resource management. Traditional bathymetric techniques, such as topographic surveys and acoustic soundings, face spatial continuity and usability challenges in shallow or vegetated waters. Recent advances, including Uncrewed Surface Vessels (USVs) equipped with GNSS and acoustic sensors, along with UAV-based photogrammetry for 3D modeling in clear waters, have expanded capabilities. However, optical methods suffer from depth underestimation due to light refraction, requiring geometric corrections. To address these limitations, the paper proposes a multi-sensor fusion workflow that integrates high-precision topographic data from total stations and GNSS, depth measurements from a USV equipped with a single-beam echo sounder, and UAV-derived optical bathymetry corrected for refraction using Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques. The goal is to combine each method's strengths to overcome their weaknesses and produce an accurate, high-resolution bathymetric model. Validation against ground truth data demonstrated significant improvements in data quality, aligning with standards for shallow-water mapping. Notably, the use of corrected UAV photogrammetry extended effective depth measurements to 4–5 meters, exceeding typical optical limits. The combined methodology ensures robust spatial coverage, precise georeferencing, and transparent independent measurements, making it particularly well-suited for complex lacustrine (lake) environments. The results highlight the operational benefits of using complementary technologies and suggest potential for further enhancement through Machine Learning and Deep Learning techniques to refine data integration and analysis.https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-2-W10-2025/279/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-2-W10-2025-279-2025.pdf
spellingShingle A. Spadaro
F. Chiabrando
A. Lingua
P. Maschio
Photogrammetry and Traditional Bathymetry for High-Resolution Underwater Mapping in Shallow Waters
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
title Photogrammetry and Traditional Bathymetry for High-Resolution Underwater Mapping in Shallow Waters
title_full Photogrammetry and Traditional Bathymetry for High-Resolution Underwater Mapping in Shallow Waters
title_fullStr Photogrammetry and Traditional Bathymetry for High-Resolution Underwater Mapping in Shallow Waters
title_full_unstemmed Photogrammetry and Traditional Bathymetry for High-Resolution Underwater Mapping in Shallow Waters
title_short Photogrammetry and Traditional Bathymetry for High-Resolution Underwater Mapping in Shallow Waters
title_sort photogrammetry and traditional bathymetry for high resolution underwater mapping in shallow waters
url https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-2-W10-2025/279/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-2-W10-2025-279-2025.pdf
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