Simultaneous Removal of Heavy Metals and Dyes on Sodium Alginate/Polyvinyl Alcohol/κ-Carrageenan Aerogel Beads
Industrial textile wastewater containing both heavy metals and dyes has been massively produced. In this study, semi-interpenetrating polymer network structures of sodium alginate (SA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/κ-carrageenan (CG) aerogel beads were synthesized for their simultaneous reduction. The SA/...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| author | Taesoon Jang Soyeong Yoon Jin-Hyuk Choi Narae Kim Jeong-Ann Park |
| author_facet | Taesoon Jang Soyeong Yoon Jin-Hyuk Choi Narae Kim Jeong-Ann Park |
| author_sort | Taesoon Jang |
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| description | Industrial textile wastewater containing both heavy metals and dyes has been massively produced. In this study, semi-interpenetrating polymer network structures of sodium alginate (SA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/κ-carrageenan (CG) aerogel beads were synthesized for their simultaneous reduction. The SA/PVA/CG aerogel beads were synthesized through a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method using naturally abundant biopolymers without toxic cross-linkers. The SA/PVA/CG aerogel beads were spheres with a size of 3.8 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>±</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> 0.1 mm, exhibiting total pore areas of 15.2 m<sup>2</sup>/g and porous structures (pore size distribution: 0.04–242.7 μm; porosity: 93.97%) with abundant hydrogen bonding, high water absorption capacity, and chemical resistance. The adsorption capacity and mechanisms of the SA/PVA/CG aerogel beads were investigated through kinetic and isotherm experiments for heavy metals (Cu(II), Pb(II)), cationic dye (methylene blue, MB), and anionic dye (acid blue 25, AB)) in both single and binary systems. The maximum adsorption capacities of the SA/PVA/CG aerogel beads based on the Langmuir model of Cu(II), Pb(II), and MB were 85.17, 265.98, and 1324.30 mg/g, respectively. Pb(II) showed higher adsorption affinity than Cu(II) based on ionic properties, such as electronegativity and hydration radius. The adsorption of Cu(II), Pb(II), and MB on the SA/PVA/CG aerogel beads was spontaneous, with heavy metals and MB exhibiting endothermic and exothermic natures, respectively. |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 2310-2861 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
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| series | Gels |
| spelling | doaj-art-ea1f7ba8b86c4edfb1838e3be5152bf12025-08-20T02:11:19ZengMDPI AGGels2310-28612025-03-0111321110.3390/gels11030211Simultaneous Removal of Heavy Metals and Dyes on Sodium Alginate/Polyvinyl Alcohol/κ-Carrageenan Aerogel BeadsTaesoon Jang0Soyeong Yoon1Jin-Hyuk Choi2Narae Kim3Jeong-Ann Park4Department of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of KoreaIndustrial textile wastewater containing both heavy metals and dyes has been massively produced. In this study, semi-interpenetrating polymer network structures of sodium alginate (SA)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/κ-carrageenan (CG) aerogel beads were synthesized for their simultaneous reduction. The SA/PVA/CG aerogel beads were synthesized through a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method using naturally abundant biopolymers without toxic cross-linkers. The SA/PVA/CG aerogel beads were spheres with a size of 3.8 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>±</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> 0.1 mm, exhibiting total pore areas of 15.2 m<sup>2</sup>/g and porous structures (pore size distribution: 0.04–242.7 μm; porosity: 93.97%) with abundant hydrogen bonding, high water absorption capacity, and chemical resistance. The adsorption capacity and mechanisms of the SA/PVA/CG aerogel beads were investigated through kinetic and isotherm experiments for heavy metals (Cu(II), Pb(II)), cationic dye (methylene blue, MB), and anionic dye (acid blue 25, AB)) in both single and binary systems. The maximum adsorption capacities of the SA/PVA/CG aerogel beads based on the Langmuir model of Cu(II), Pb(II), and MB were 85.17, 265.98, and 1324.30 mg/g, respectively. Pb(II) showed higher adsorption affinity than Cu(II) based on ionic properties, such as electronegativity and hydration radius. The adsorption of Cu(II), Pb(II), and MB on the SA/PVA/CG aerogel beads was spontaneous, with heavy metals and MB exhibiting endothermic and exothermic natures, respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/11/3/211sodium alginatepolyvinyl alcoholκ-carrageenansemi-interpenetrating polymer networkaerogel beadheavy metal |
| spellingShingle | Taesoon Jang Soyeong Yoon Jin-Hyuk Choi Narae Kim Jeong-Ann Park Simultaneous Removal of Heavy Metals and Dyes on Sodium Alginate/Polyvinyl Alcohol/κ-Carrageenan Aerogel Beads Gels sodium alginate polyvinyl alcohol κ-carrageenan semi-interpenetrating polymer network aerogel bead heavy metal |
| title | Simultaneous Removal of Heavy Metals and Dyes on Sodium Alginate/Polyvinyl Alcohol/κ-Carrageenan Aerogel Beads |
| title_full | Simultaneous Removal of Heavy Metals and Dyes on Sodium Alginate/Polyvinyl Alcohol/κ-Carrageenan Aerogel Beads |
| title_fullStr | Simultaneous Removal of Heavy Metals and Dyes on Sodium Alginate/Polyvinyl Alcohol/κ-Carrageenan Aerogel Beads |
| title_full_unstemmed | Simultaneous Removal of Heavy Metals and Dyes on Sodium Alginate/Polyvinyl Alcohol/κ-Carrageenan Aerogel Beads |
| title_short | Simultaneous Removal of Heavy Metals and Dyes on Sodium Alginate/Polyvinyl Alcohol/κ-Carrageenan Aerogel Beads |
| title_sort | simultaneous removal of heavy metals and dyes on sodium alginate polyvinyl alcohol κ carrageenan aerogel beads |
| topic | sodium alginate polyvinyl alcohol κ-carrageenan semi-interpenetrating polymer network aerogel bead heavy metal |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/11/3/211 |
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