Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody durability in Puerto Rico
Abstract Understanding the dynamics of antibody responses following vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection is important for informing effective vaccination strategies and other public health interventions. This study investigates SARS-CoV-2 antibody dynamics in a Puerto Rican cohort, analyzing how IgG...
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Nature Portfolio
2024-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80465-4 |
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| author | Zachary J. Madewell Nathan E. Graff Velma K. Lopez Dania M. Rodriguez Joshua M. Wong Panagiotis Maniatis Freddy A. Medina Jorge L. Muñoz Melissa Briggs-Hagen Laura E. Adams Vanessa Rivera-Amill Gabriela Paz-Bailey Chelsea G. Major |
| author_facet | Zachary J. Madewell Nathan E. Graff Velma K. Lopez Dania M. Rodriguez Joshua M. Wong Panagiotis Maniatis Freddy A. Medina Jorge L. Muñoz Melissa Briggs-Hagen Laura E. Adams Vanessa Rivera-Amill Gabriela Paz-Bailey Chelsea G. Major |
| author_sort | Zachary J. Madewell |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Understanding the dynamics of antibody responses following vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection is important for informing effective vaccination strategies and other public health interventions. This study investigates SARS-CoV-2 antibody dynamics in a Puerto Rican cohort, analyzing how IgG levels vary by vaccination status and previous infection. We assess waning immunity and the distribution of hybrid immunity with the aim to inform public health strategies and vaccination programs in Puerto Rico and similar settings. We conducted a prospective, longitudinal cohort study to identify SARS-CoV-2 infections and related outcomes in Ponce, Puerto Rico, from June 2020–August 2022. Participants provided self-collected nasal swabs every week and serum every six months for RT-PCR and IgG testing, respectively. IgG reactivity against nucleocapsid (N) antigens, which generally indicate previous infection, and spike (S1) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) antigens, which indicate history of either infection or vaccination, was assessed using the Luminex Corporation xMAP® SARS-CoV-2 Multi-Antigen IgG Assay. Prior infection was defined by positive RT-PCRs, categorized by the predominant circulating SARS-CoV-2 variant at the event time. Demographic information, medical history, and COVID-19 vaccination history were collected through standardized questionnaires. Of 882 participants included in our analysis, 34.0% experienced at least one SARS-CoV-2 infection, with most (78.7%) occurring during the Omicron wave (December 2021 onwards). SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence increased over time, reaching 98.4% by the final serum collection, 67.0% attributable to vaccination alone, 1.6% from infection alone, and 31.4% from both. Regardless of prior infection status, RBD and S1 IgG levels gradually declined following two vaccine doses. A third dose boosted these antibody levels and showed a slower decline over time. N-antibody levels peaked during the Omicron surge and waned over time. Vaccination in individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection elicited the highest and most durable antibody responses. N or S1 seropositivity was associated with lower odds of a subsequent positive PCR test during the Omicron period, with N antibodies showing a stronger association. By elucidating the differential decay of RBD and S1 antibodies following vaccination and the complexities of N-antibody response following infection, this study in a Puerto Rican cohort strengthens the foundation for developing targeted interventions and public health strategies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e9cafabf59f640fd83cdb3feff752a63 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| spelling | doaj-art-e9cafabf59f640fd83cdb3feff752a632025-08-20T02:43:35ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222024-12-0114111310.1038/s41598-024-80465-4Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody durability in Puerto RicoZachary J. Madewell0Nathan E. Graff1Velma K. Lopez2Dania M. Rodriguez3Joshua M. Wong4Panagiotis Maniatis5Freddy A. Medina6Jorge L. Muñoz7Melissa Briggs-Hagen8Laura E. Adams9Vanessa Rivera-Amill10Gabriela Paz-Bailey11Chelsea G. Major12Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionCoronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionDivision of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionDivision of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionDivision of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionDivision of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionDivision of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionDivision of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionCoronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionDivision of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionPonce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research InstituteDivision of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionDivision of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAbstract Understanding the dynamics of antibody responses following vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection is important for informing effective vaccination strategies and other public health interventions. This study investigates SARS-CoV-2 antibody dynamics in a Puerto Rican cohort, analyzing how IgG levels vary by vaccination status and previous infection. We assess waning immunity and the distribution of hybrid immunity with the aim to inform public health strategies and vaccination programs in Puerto Rico and similar settings. We conducted a prospective, longitudinal cohort study to identify SARS-CoV-2 infections and related outcomes in Ponce, Puerto Rico, from June 2020–August 2022. Participants provided self-collected nasal swabs every week and serum every six months for RT-PCR and IgG testing, respectively. IgG reactivity against nucleocapsid (N) antigens, which generally indicate previous infection, and spike (S1) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) antigens, which indicate history of either infection or vaccination, was assessed using the Luminex Corporation xMAP® SARS-CoV-2 Multi-Antigen IgG Assay. Prior infection was defined by positive RT-PCRs, categorized by the predominant circulating SARS-CoV-2 variant at the event time. Demographic information, medical history, and COVID-19 vaccination history were collected through standardized questionnaires. Of 882 participants included in our analysis, 34.0% experienced at least one SARS-CoV-2 infection, with most (78.7%) occurring during the Omicron wave (December 2021 onwards). SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence increased over time, reaching 98.4% by the final serum collection, 67.0% attributable to vaccination alone, 1.6% from infection alone, and 31.4% from both. Regardless of prior infection status, RBD and S1 IgG levels gradually declined following two vaccine doses. A third dose boosted these antibody levels and showed a slower decline over time. N-antibody levels peaked during the Omicron surge and waned over time. Vaccination in individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection elicited the highest and most durable antibody responses. N or S1 seropositivity was associated with lower odds of a subsequent positive PCR test during the Omicron period, with N antibodies showing a stronger association. By elucidating the differential decay of RBD and S1 antibodies following vaccination and the complexities of N-antibody response following infection, this study in a Puerto Rican cohort strengthens the foundation for developing targeted interventions and public health strategies.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80465-4Antibody dynamicsOmicronCaribbeanCOVID-19VaccinationHumoral immunity |
| spellingShingle | Zachary J. Madewell Nathan E. Graff Velma K. Lopez Dania M. Rodriguez Joshua M. Wong Panagiotis Maniatis Freddy A. Medina Jorge L. Muñoz Melissa Briggs-Hagen Laura E. Adams Vanessa Rivera-Amill Gabriela Paz-Bailey Chelsea G. Major Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody durability in Puerto Rico Scientific Reports Antibody dynamics Omicron Caribbean COVID-19 Vaccination Humoral immunity |
| title | Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody durability in Puerto Rico |
| title_full | Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody durability in Puerto Rico |
| title_fullStr | Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody durability in Puerto Rico |
| title_full_unstemmed | Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody durability in Puerto Rico |
| title_short | Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody durability in Puerto Rico |
| title_sort | longitudinal analysis of sars cov 2 igg antibody durability in puerto rico |
| topic | Antibody dynamics Omicron Caribbean COVID-19 Vaccination Humoral immunity |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80465-4 |
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