Beyond clinical scales: an observational study on instrumental gait analysis and biomechanical patterns in patients with Parkinson’s disease

IntroductionParkinson’s disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor functions, is associated with abnormal gait patterns characterized by altered kinematic, kinetic, and electrophysiological parameters. This observational study aims to instrumentally identify and quantify these...

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Main Authors: Paolo De Pasquale, Mirjam Bonanno, Cristiano De Marchis, Luca Pergolizzi, Antonino Lombardo Facciale, Giuseppe Paladina, Maria Grazia Maggio, Federica Impellizzeri, Irene Ciancarelli, Angelo Quartarone, Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-04-01
Series:Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1541240/full
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author Paolo De Pasquale
Mirjam Bonanno
Cristiano De Marchis
Luca Pergolizzi
Antonino Lombardo Facciale
Giuseppe Paladina
Maria Grazia Maggio
Federica Impellizzeri
Irene Ciancarelli
Angelo Quartarone
Angelo Quartarone
Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
author_facet Paolo De Pasquale
Mirjam Bonanno
Cristiano De Marchis
Luca Pergolizzi
Antonino Lombardo Facciale
Giuseppe Paladina
Maria Grazia Maggio
Federica Impellizzeri
Irene Ciancarelli
Angelo Quartarone
Angelo Quartarone
Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
author_sort Paolo De Pasquale
collection DOAJ
description IntroductionParkinson’s disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor functions, is associated with abnormal gait patterns characterized by altered kinematic, kinetic, and electrophysiological parameters. This observational study aims to instrumentally identify and quantify these gait dysfunctions in PD patients compared to normal values from healthy subjects.MethodsSixty-nine PD patients underwent clinical and instrumental evaluations to assess gait. Demographic and clinical data were collected before motor assessment. Clinical scales evaluated the level of impairment, gait, balance, risk of falls and ability to complete activities of daily living. Instrumental evaluations were conducted using optoelectronic, force plates and electromyographic (EMG) systems in a motion analysis laboratory. Statistical analysis involved a non-parametric test to compare pathological and normal data, clustering methods to identify groups based on clinical evaluations, and a combination of non-parametric analysis and linear models to assess dependencies on clinical scales.ResultsThe results showed that PD patients had significant gait kinematic differences compared to normal values, with increased temporal and shortened spatial parameters. In addition, PD patients were grouped into four clusters based on clinical scales. While some gait features were influenced by clinical scales reflecting impairment, gait and balance, and independence, others were more affected by the perceived fear of falling (FoF).DiscussionIn conclusion, the study identified specific biomechanical gait dysfunctions in kinematic, kinetic, and electrophysiological parameters in PD patients, undetectable by standard clinical scales. Additionally, higher FoF was associated with dysfunctional biomechanical patterns, independent of impairment severity, gait and balance dysfunction, or overall independence.
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spelling doaj-art-e992444d9e024224a1f957c45c99406e2025-08-20T03:53:39ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology2296-41852025-04-011310.3389/fbioe.2025.15412401541240Beyond clinical scales: an observational study on instrumental gait analysis and biomechanical patterns in patients with Parkinson’s diseasePaolo De Pasquale0Mirjam Bonanno1Cristiano De Marchis2Luca Pergolizzi3Antonino Lombardo Facciale4Giuseppe Paladina5Maria Grazia Maggio6Federica Impellizzeri7Irene Ciancarelli8Angelo Quartarone9Angelo Quartarone10Rocco Salvatore Calabrò11IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, ItalyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, ItalyDepartment of Engineering, University of Messina, Messina, ItalyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, ItalyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, ItalyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, ItalyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, ItalyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, ItalyDepartment of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L’Aquila, ItalyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, ItalyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, ItalyIntroductionParkinson’s disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor functions, is associated with abnormal gait patterns characterized by altered kinematic, kinetic, and electrophysiological parameters. This observational study aims to instrumentally identify and quantify these gait dysfunctions in PD patients compared to normal values from healthy subjects.MethodsSixty-nine PD patients underwent clinical and instrumental evaluations to assess gait. Demographic and clinical data were collected before motor assessment. Clinical scales evaluated the level of impairment, gait, balance, risk of falls and ability to complete activities of daily living. Instrumental evaluations were conducted using optoelectronic, force plates and electromyographic (EMG) systems in a motion analysis laboratory. Statistical analysis involved a non-parametric test to compare pathological and normal data, clustering methods to identify groups based on clinical evaluations, and a combination of non-parametric analysis and linear models to assess dependencies on clinical scales.ResultsThe results showed that PD patients had significant gait kinematic differences compared to normal values, with increased temporal and shortened spatial parameters. In addition, PD patients were grouped into four clusters based on clinical scales. While some gait features were influenced by clinical scales reflecting impairment, gait and balance, and independence, others were more affected by the perceived fear of falling (FoF).DiscussionIn conclusion, the study identified specific biomechanical gait dysfunctions in kinematic, kinetic, and electrophysiological parameters in PD patients, undetectable by standard clinical scales. Additionally, higher FoF was associated with dysfunctional biomechanical patterns, independent of impairment severity, gait and balance dysfunction, or overall independence.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1541240/fullgait analysisbiomechanics of gaitoptoelectronic motion capture systemParkinson’s diseasefear of fallingneurorehabilitation gait analysis
spellingShingle Paolo De Pasquale
Mirjam Bonanno
Cristiano De Marchis
Luca Pergolizzi
Antonino Lombardo Facciale
Giuseppe Paladina
Maria Grazia Maggio
Federica Impellizzeri
Irene Ciancarelli
Angelo Quartarone
Angelo Quartarone
Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
Beyond clinical scales: an observational study on instrumental gait analysis and biomechanical patterns in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
gait analysis
biomechanics of gait
optoelectronic motion capture system
Parkinson’s disease
fear of falling
neurorehabilitation gait analysis
title Beyond clinical scales: an observational study on instrumental gait analysis and biomechanical patterns in patients with Parkinson’s disease
title_full Beyond clinical scales: an observational study on instrumental gait analysis and biomechanical patterns in patients with Parkinson’s disease
title_fullStr Beyond clinical scales: an observational study on instrumental gait analysis and biomechanical patterns in patients with Parkinson’s disease
title_full_unstemmed Beyond clinical scales: an observational study on instrumental gait analysis and biomechanical patterns in patients with Parkinson’s disease
title_short Beyond clinical scales: an observational study on instrumental gait analysis and biomechanical patterns in patients with Parkinson’s disease
title_sort beyond clinical scales an observational study on instrumental gait analysis and biomechanical patterns in patients with parkinson s disease
topic gait analysis
biomechanics of gait
optoelectronic motion capture system
Parkinson’s disease
fear of falling
neurorehabilitation gait analysis
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1541240/full
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