Phytochemical Screening and Cytotoxic Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Young and Mature Khat Leaves
The khat plant has been culturally used in many parts of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula for many years to induce psycho-stimulating effect. Because of the global wide-spreading nature, khat chewing is being considered as a universally growing problem. Catha abbottii, Catha edulis, and Catha transv...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2020-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Chemistry |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7897435 |
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| author | Rashad Alsanosy Hassan A. Alhazmi Shahnaz Sultana Ashraf N. Abdalla Yassin Ibrahim Mohammed Al Bratty David Banji Ibrahim Khardali Asaad Khalid |
| author_facet | Rashad Alsanosy Hassan A. Alhazmi Shahnaz Sultana Ashraf N. Abdalla Yassin Ibrahim Mohammed Al Bratty David Banji Ibrahim Khardali Asaad Khalid |
| author_sort | Rashad Alsanosy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The khat plant has been culturally used in many parts of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula for many years to induce psycho-stimulating effect. Because of the global wide-spreading nature, khat chewing is being considered as a universally growing problem. Catha abbottii, Catha edulis, and Catha transvaalensis are the three species of khat commonly chewed in Saudi Arabia and nearby regions. Khat users usually prefer to chew young leaves over mature ones due to the diverse effects produced by both. Though many of the constituents of khat leaves have been identified, the complete phytochemical profile of young and mature leaves was not performed or compared; also, no evidence is available to affirm the cytotoxicity of young or mature leaves. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the phytochemical basis of the differential response of the young and mature leaves and to assess the cytotoxicity of young and mature khat leaves. Ethanolic extracts of young and mature leaves of three khat cultivars were subjected to GC-MS. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed the existence of two major clusters. The extracts of young leaves were found to contain the maximum content of cathinone; however, methoxyamphetamine was found in only one extract of young leaves. Cytotoxicity investigations were also conducted on both types of leaves using three cancer cell lines, human breast adenocarcinoma, human ovary adenocarcinoma, and human colon adenocarcinoma and also normal human fetal lung fibroblast cell line was used. All extracts showed comparable cytotoxicity, IC50 ranging from 22–59 μg/mL on the cancer cells; however, we observed more cytotoxicity against normal cells (IC50: 6–41 μg/mL). The predominant cytotoxicity on normal cells may pose many health hazards to khat consumers. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e9391a18d57c44b2980e40ff16a3f379 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2090-9063 2090-9071 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2020-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Chemistry |
| spelling | doaj-art-e9391a18d57c44b2980e40ff16a3f3792025-02-03T01:26:57ZengWileyJournal of Chemistry2090-90632090-90712020-01-01202010.1155/2020/78974357897435Phytochemical Screening and Cytotoxic Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Young and Mature Khat LeavesRashad Alsanosy0Hassan A. Alhazmi1Shahnaz Sultana2Ashraf N. Abdalla3Yassin Ibrahim4Mohammed Al Bratty5David Banji6Ibrahim Khardali7Asaad Khalid8Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi ArabiaSubstance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi ArabiaFaculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Postal Code 45142, Jazan, Saudi ArabiaPharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi ArabiaPoison Control and Medical Forensic Chemistry Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi ArabiaSubstance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi ArabiaThe khat plant has been culturally used in many parts of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula for many years to induce psycho-stimulating effect. Because of the global wide-spreading nature, khat chewing is being considered as a universally growing problem. Catha abbottii, Catha edulis, and Catha transvaalensis are the three species of khat commonly chewed in Saudi Arabia and nearby regions. Khat users usually prefer to chew young leaves over mature ones due to the diverse effects produced by both. Though many of the constituents of khat leaves have been identified, the complete phytochemical profile of young and mature leaves was not performed or compared; also, no evidence is available to affirm the cytotoxicity of young or mature leaves. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the phytochemical basis of the differential response of the young and mature leaves and to assess the cytotoxicity of young and mature khat leaves. Ethanolic extracts of young and mature leaves of three khat cultivars were subjected to GC-MS. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed the existence of two major clusters. The extracts of young leaves were found to contain the maximum content of cathinone; however, methoxyamphetamine was found in only one extract of young leaves. Cytotoxicity investigations were also conducted on both types of leaves using three cancer cell lines, human breast adenocarcinoma, human ovary adenocarcinoma, and human colon adenocarcinoma and also normal human fetal lung fibroblast cell line was used. All extracts showed comparable cytotoxicity, IC50 ranging from 22–59 μg/mL on the cancer cells; however, we observed more cytotoxicity against normal cells (IC50: 6–41 μg/mL). The predominant cytotoxicity on normal cells may pose many health hazards to khat consumers.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7897435 |
| spellingShingle | Rashad Alsanosy Hassan A. Alhazmi Shahnaz Sultana Ashraf N. Abdalla Yassin Ibrahim Mohammed Al Bratty David Banji Ibrahim Khardali Asaad Khalid Phytochemical Screening and Cytotoxic Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Young and Mature Khat Leaves Journal of Chemistry |
| title | Phytochemical Screening and Cytotoxic Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Young and Mature Khat Leaves |
| title_full | Phytochemical Screening and Cytotoxic Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Young and Mature Khat Leaves |
| title_fullStr | Phytochemical Screening and Cytotoxic Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Young and Mature Khat Leaves |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phytochemical Screening and Cytotoxic Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Young and Mature Khat Leaves |
| title_short | Phytochemical Screening and Cytotoxic Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Young and Mature Khat Leaves |
| title_sort | phytochemical screening and cytotoxic properties of ethanolic extract of young and mature khat leaves |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7897435 |
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