Community-level dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and sodium-to-potassium ratio as a global public health problem: a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations]
Background: Widespread adoption of a westernized diet represents a major lifestyle change characterized by substantially higher sodium consumption and lower potassium intake, which is related to cardiovascular morbidity. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis over published stud...
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F1000 Research Ltd
2024-09-01
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| author | Farapti Farapti Niwanda Yogiswara Muhammad Miftahussurur Chusnul Fadilla Hazreen Abdul Majid Putri Hersya Maulia Purwo Sri Rejeki |
| author_facet | Farapti Farapti Niwanda Yogiswara Muhammad Miftahussurur Chusnul Fadilla Hazreen Abdul Majid Putri Hersya Maulia Purwo Sri Rejeki |
| author_sort | Farapti Farapti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Widespread adoption of a westernized diet represents a major lifestyle change characterized by substantially higher sodium consumption and lower potassium intake, which is related to cardiovascular morbidity. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis over published studies in accordance with quantifying the dietary intake of sodium and potassium of the universal population across the world. The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were used to find research that pronounced 24-hour urinary sodium or potassium excretion (reference period: 2014–2021). The effect size was estimated using the fixed-effect model; sub-group analysis become accomplished to determine urinary sodium and potassium excretion disaggregated by geographical location. Publication bias became evaluated the usage of graphical funnel plot. Data analysis was performed using STATA 16. Results: Forty-three studies (n= 62,940) qualified the selection criteria. The mean urinary excretion of sodium and potassium was 156.73 mmol/24h [95% confidence interval (CI), 148.98–164.47] and 48.89 mmol/24 h (95% CI, 43.61–54.17), respectively; the mean urinary sodium/potassium ratio was 3.68 (95% CI, 2.96–4.40). Conclusions: This updated systematic review highlights excessively high dietary intake of sodium and low intake of potassium at the community level in most parts of the world. The urinary Na/K ratio exceeded the level recommended by the WHO guidelines. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e938ad310c094f49b9e13f20defda333 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2046-1402 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-09-01 |
| publisher | F1000 Research Ltd |
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| spelling | doaj-art-e938ad310c094f49b9e13f20defda3332025-08-20T01:51:46ZengF1000 Research LtdF1000Research2046-14022024-09-011110.12688/f1000research.122560.2170548Community-level dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and sodium-to-potassium ratio as a global public health problem: a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations]Farapti Farapti0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9753-3855Niwanda Yogiswara1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6371-0411Muhammad Miftahussurur2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1415-6033Chusnul Fadilla3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7372-5481Hazreen Abdul Majid4Putri Hersya Maulia5Purwo Sri Rejeki6Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, IndonesiaFaculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, IndonesiaGastroentero-Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Javva, 60132, IndonesiaDepartment of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, IndonesiaDepartment of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, 50603, MalaysiaDepartment of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, IndonesiaPhysiology Division, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60132, IndonesiaBackground: Widespread adoption of a westernized diet represents a major lifestyle change characterized by substantially higher sodium consumption and lower potassium intake, which is related to cardiovascular morbidity. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis over published studies in accordance with quantifying the dietary intake of sodium and potassium of the universal population across the world. The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were used to find research that pronounced 24-hour urinary sodium or potassium excretion (reference period: 2014–2021). The effect size was estimated using the fixed-effect model; sub-group analysis become accomplished to determine urinary sodium and potassium excretion disaggregated by geographical location. Publication bias became evaluated the usage of graphical funnel plot. Data analysis was performed using STATA 16. Results: Forty-three studies (n= 62,940) qualified the selection criteria. The mean urinary excretion of sodium and potassium was 156.73 mmol/24h [95% confidence interval (CI), 148.98–164.47] and 48.89 mmol/24 h (95% CI, 43.61–54.17), respectively; the mean urinary sodium/potassium ratio was 3.68 (95% CI, 2.96–4.40). Conclusions: This updated systematic review highlights excessively high dietary intake of sodium and low intake of potassium at the community level in most parts of the world. The urinary Na/K ratio exceeded the level recommended by the WHO guidelines.https://f1000research.com/articles/11-953/v2sodium potassium sodium-to-potassium ratio systematic review hypertensioneng |
| spellingShingle | Farapti Farapti Niwanda Yogiswara Muhammad Miftahussurur Chusnul Fadilla Hazreen Abdul Majid Putri Hersya Maulia Purwo Sri Rejeki Community-level dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and sodium-to-potassium ratio as a global public health problem: a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] F1000Research sodium potassium sodium-to-potassium ratio systematic review hypertension eng |
| title | Community-level dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and sodium-to-potassium ratio as a global public health problem: a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] |
| title_full | Community-level dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and sodium-to-potassium ratio as a global public health problem: a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] |
| title_fullStr | Community-level dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and sodium-to-potassium ratio as a global public health problem: a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Community-level dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and sodium-to-potassium ratio as a global public health problem: a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] |
| title_short | Community-level dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and sodium-to-potassium ratio as a global public health problem: a systematic review and meta-analysis [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations] |
| title_sort | community level dietary intake of sodium potassium and sodium to potassium ratio as a global public health problem a systematic review and meta analysis version 2 peer review 1 approved 2 approved with reservations |
| topic | sodium potassium sodium-to-potassium ratio systematic review hypertension eng |
| url | https://f1000research.com/articles/11-953/v2 |
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