Environmental Factors Modulate Feeding Behavior of <i>Penaeus vannamei</i>: Insights from Passive Acoustic Monitoring
In recent years, passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) technology has significantly contributed to advancements in aquaculture techniques, system iterations, and increased production yields within intelligent feeding systems for <i>Penaeus vannamei</i>. However, current PAM-based intelligent...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| author | Hanzun Zhang Chao Yang Yesen Li Bin Ma Boshan Zhu |
| author_facet | Hanzun Zhang Chao Yang Yesen Li Bin Ma Boshan Zhu |
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| description | In recent years, passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) technology has significantly contributed to advancements in aquaculture techniques, system iterations, and increased production yields within intelligent feeding systems for <i>Penaeus vannamei</i>. However, current PAM-based intelligent feeding systems do not incorporate environmental factors into the decision process, limiting the improvement of monitoring accuracy in complex environments such as ponds. To establish a connection between environmental factors and the feeding acoustics of <i>P. vannamei</i>, this study utilized PAM technology combined with video analysis to investigate the effects of three key environmental factors—temperature, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrite nitrogen—on the feeding behavioral characteristics of shrimp, with a specific focus on acoustic signals “clicks”. The results demonstrated a significant correlation between the number of clicks and feed consumption in shrimp across different treatments, establishing this stable relationship as a reliable indicator for assessing shrimp feeding status. When water temperature increased from 20 °C to 32 °C, shrimp feed consumption showed an elevation from 0.46 g to 0.95 g per 30 min, with the average number of clicks increasing from 388 to 2947.58 and sound pressure levels rising accordingly. Conversely, ammonia nitrogen at 12 mg/L reduced feed consumption by 0.15 g and decreased click counts by 911.75 pulses compared to controls, while nitrite nitrogen at 40 mg/L similarly suppressed feed consumption by 0.15 g and the average number of clicks by 304.75. A rise in water temperature stimulated shrimp behaviors such as feeding, swimming, and foraging, while elevated concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen significantly inhibited shrimp activity. Redundancy analysis revealed that temperature was the most prominent factor among the three environmental factors influencing shrimp feeding. This study is the first to quantify the specific effects of common environmental factors on the acoustic feeding signals and feeding behavior of <i>P. vannamei</i> using PAM technology. It confirms the feasibility of using PAM technology to assess shrimp feeding conditions under diverse environmental conditions and the necessity of integrating environmental monitoring modules into future feeding systems. This study provides behavioral evidence for the development of precise feeding technologies and the upgrade of intelligent feeding systems for <i>P. vannamei</i>. |
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| spelling | doaj-art-e8df6e249f8848c5bef8fa1a1d7c32762025-08-20T03:13:42ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152025-07-011514211310.3390/ani15142113Environmental Factors Modulate Feeding Behavior of <i>Penaeus vannamei</i>: Insights from Passive Acoustic MonitoringHanzun Zhang0Chao Yang1Yesen Li2Bin Ma3Boshan Zhu4The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, ChinaFaculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, ChinaBeijing Aquatic Product Technology Promotion Department, Beijing 100176, ChinaBehavioural Evolution Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour, Konstanz 78467, GermanyThe Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, ChinaIn recent years, passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) technology has significantly contributed to advancements in aquaculture techniques, system iterations, and increased production yields within intelligent feeding systems for <i>Penaeus vannamei</i>. However, current PAM-based intelligent feeding systems do not incorporate environmental factors into the decision process, limiting the improvement of monitoring accuracy in complex environments such as ponds. To establish a connection between environmental factors and the feeding acoustics of <i>P. vannamei</i>, this study utilized PAM technology combined with video analysis to investigate the effects of three key environmental factors—temperature, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrite nitrogen—on the feeding behavioral characteristics of shrimp, with a specific focus on acoustic signals “clicks”. The results demonstrated a significant correlation between the number of clicks and feed consumption in shrimp across different treatments, establishing this stable relationship as a reliable indicator for assessing shrimp feeding status. When water temperature increased from 20 °C to 32 °C, shrimp feed consumption showed an elevation from 0.46 g to 0.95 g per 30 min, with the average number of clicks increasing from 388 to 2947.58 and sound pressure levels rising accordingly. Conversely, ammonia nitrogen at 12 mg/L reduced feed consumption by 0.15 g and decreased click counts by 911.75 pulses compared to controls, while nitrite nitrogen at 40 mg/L similarly suppressed feed consumption by 0.15 g and the average number of clicks by 304.75. A rise in water temperature stimulated shrimp behaviors such as feeding, swimming, and foraging, while elevated concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen significantly inhibited shrimp activity. Redundancy analysis revealed that temperature was the most prominent factor among the three environmental factors influencing shrimp feeding. This study is the first to quantify the specific effects of common environmental factors on the acoustic feeding signals and feeding behavior of <i>P. vannamei</i> using PAM technology. It confirms the feasibility of using PAM technology to assess shrimp feeding conditions under diverse environmental conditions and the necessity of integrating environmental monitoring modules into future feeding systems. This study provides behavioral evidence for the development of precise feeding technologies and the upgrade of intelligent feeding systems for <i>P. vannamei</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/14/2113passive acoustic monitoringaquaculture environmental factorsintelligent feeding systemfeeding behavior<i>Penaeus vannamei</i> |
| spellingShingle | Hanzun Zhang Chao Yang Yesen Li Bin Ma Boshan Zhu Environmental Factors Modulate Feeding Behavior of <i>Penaeus vannamei</i>: Insights from Passive Acoustic Monitoring Animals passive acoustic monitoring aquaculture environmental factors intelligent feeding system feeding behavior <i>Penaeus vannamei</i> |
| title | Environmental Factors Modulate Feeding Behavior of <i>Penaeus vannamei</i>: Insights from Passive Acoustic Monitoring |
| title_full | Environmental Factors Modulate Feeding Behavior of <i>Penaeus vannamei</i>: Insights from Passive Acoustic Monitoring |
| title_fullStr | Environmental Factors Modulate Feeding Behavior of <i>Penaeus vannamei</i>: Insights from Passive Acoustic Monitoring |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental Factors Modulate Feeding Behavior of <i>Penaeus vannamei</i>: Insights from Passive Acoustic Monitoring |
| title_short | Environmental Factors Modulate Feeding Behavior of <i>Penaeus vannamei</i>: Insights from Passive Acoustic Monitoring |
| title_sort | environmental factors modulate feeding behavior of i penaeus vannamei i insights from passive acoustic monitoring |
| topic | passive acoustic monitoring aquaculture environmental factors intelligent feeding system feeding behavior <i>Penaeus vannamei</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/14/2113 |
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