Microcarrier-seeded muscle cells exhibit delayed differentiation in simulated microgravity compared to a terrestrial bioreactor

Abstract This study explores the feasibility of microcarrier-seeded muscle cell expansion and differentiation in simulated microgravity (µG) conditions, aiming to develop a proof-of-concept for producing cultivated meat in space. Gelatin microcarriers supported C2C12 expansion and myogenesis in stat...

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Main Authors: Hamed Alizadeh Sardroud, Mahdieh Shokhrollahi Barough, Esfandyar Askari, Mohsen Akbari
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:npj Science of Food
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-025-00498-5
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author Hamed Alizadeh Sardroud
Mahdieh Shokhrollahi Barough
Esfandyar Askari
Mohsen Akbari
author_facet Hamed Alizadeh Sardroud
Mahdieh Shokhrollahi Barough
Esfandyar Askari
Mohsen Akbari
author_sort Hamed Alizadeh Sardroud
collection DOAJ
description Abstract This study explores the feasibility of microcarrier-seeded muscle cell expansion and differentiation in simulated microgravity (µG) conditions, aiming to develop a proof-of-concept for producing cultivated meat in space. Gelatin microcarriers supported C2C12 expansion and myogenesis in static culture. The microcarriers were cultured in 1G (stirred bioreactor) and simulated µG bioreactors. µG slowed down the cell expansion, while the 1G condition showed a significant increase in cell expansion. Cells exhibited nuclear elongation and extended cell bodies over 7 days in both 1G and µG conditions. Flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed enhanced myogenesis in both 1G and µG, though differentiation was delayed and gene expression significantly lower under µG. These results suggest that while µG initiates differentiation, the process is primarily limited to early stages. Despite the slower myogenesis, it remains feasible, and future research should focus on culture conditions to enhance muscle cell functionality in µG.
format Article
id doaj-art-e8ddef7560f34578ae526d174ebe3f55
institution DOAJ
issn 2396-8370
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publishDate 2025-07-01
publisher Nature Portfolio
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series npj Science of Food
spelling doaj-art-e8ddef7560f34578ae526d174ebe3f552025-08-20T03:06:09ZengNature Portfolionpj Science of Food2396-83702025-07-019111210.1038/s41538-025-00498-5Microcarrier-seeded muscle cells exhibit delayed differentiation in simulated microgravity compared to a terrestrial bioreactorHamed Alizadeh Sardroud0Mahdieh Shokhrollahi Barough1Esfandyar Askari2Mohsen Akbari3Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of VictoriaLaboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of VictoriaLaboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of VictoriaLaboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of VictoriaAbstract This study explores the feasibility of microcarrier-seeded muscle cell expansion and differentiation in simulated microgravity (µG) conditions, aiming to develop a proof-of-concept for producing cultivated meat in space. Gelatin microcarriers supported C2C12 expansion and myogenesis in static culture. The microcarriers were cultured in 1G (stirred bioreactor) and simulated µG bioreactors. µG slowed down the cell expansion, while the 1G condition showed a significant increase in cell expansion. Cells exhibited nuclear elongation and extended cell bodies over 7 days in both 1G and µG conditions. Flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed enhanced myogenesis in both 1G and µG, though differentiation was delayed and gene expression significantly lower under µG. These results suggest that while µG initiates differentiation, the process is primarily limited to early stages. Despite the slower myogenesis, it remains feasible, and future research should focus on culture conditions to enhance muscle cell functionality in µG.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-025-00498-5
spellingShingle Hamed Alizadeh Sardroud
Mahdieh Shokhrollahi Barough
Esfandyar Askari
Mohsen Akbari
Microcarrier-seeded muscle cells exhibit delayed differentiation in simulated microgravity compared to a terrestrial bioreactor
npj Science of Food
title Microcarrier-seeded muscle cells exhibit delayed differentiation in simulated microgravity compared to a terrestrial bioreactor
title_full Microcarrier-seeded muscle cells exhibit delayed differentiation in simulated microgravity compared to a terrestrial bioreactor
title_fullStr Microcarrier-seeded muscle cells exhibit delayed differentiation in simulated microgravity compared to a terrestrial bioreactor
title_full_unstemmed Microcarrier-seeded muscle cells exhibit delayed differentiation in simulated microgravity compared to a terrestrial bioreactor
title_short Microcarrier-seeded muscle cells exhibit delayed differentiation in simulated microgravity compared to a terrestrial bioreactor
title_sort microcarrier seeded muscle cells exhibit delayed differentiation in simulated microgravity compared to a terrestrial bioreactor
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-025-00498-5
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AT esfandyaraskari microcarrierseededmusclecellsexhibitdelayeddifferentiationinsimulatedmicrogravitycomparedtoaterrestrialbioreactor
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