H5N1 Avian Influenza: A Narrative Review of Scientific Advances and Global Policy Challenges
The H5N1 avian influenza virus continues to evolve into genetically diverse and highly pathogenic clades with increased potential for cross-species transmission. Recent scientific advances have included the development of next-generation vaccine platforms, promising antiviral compounds, and more sen...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/7/927 |
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| author | Alison Simancas-Racines Claudia Reytor-González Melannie Toral Daniel Simancas-Racines |
| author_facet | Alison Simancas-Racines Claudia Reytor-González Melannie Toral Daniel Simancas-Racines |
| author_sort | Alison Simancas-Racines |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The H5N1 avian influenza virus continues to evolve into genetically diverse and highly pathogenic clades with increased potential for cross-species transmission. Recent scientific advances have included the development of next-generation vaccine platforms, promising antiviral compounds, and more sensitive diagnostic tools, alongside strengthened surveillance systems in both animals and humans. However, persistent structural challenges hinder global readiness. Vaccine production is heavily concentrated in high-income countries, limiting equitable access during potential pandemics. Economic and logistical barriers complicate the implementation of control strategies such as vaccination, culling, and compensation schemes. Gaps in international coordination, public communication, and standardization of protocols further exacerbate vulnerabilities. Although sustained human-to-human transmission has not been documented, the severity of confirmed infections and the rapid global spread among wildlife and domestic animals underscore the urgent need for robust preparedness. International organizations have called for comprehensive pandemic response plans, enhanced multisectoral collaboration, and investment in targeted research. Priorities include expanding surveillance to asymptomatic animal hosts, evaluating viral shedding and transmission routes, and developing strain-specific and universal vaccines. Strengthening global cooperation and public health infrastructure will be critical to mitigate the growing threat of H5N1 and reduce the risk of a future influenza pandemic. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e8cf2d2bd582441ca61a297233af3935 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj-art-e8cf2d2bd582441ca61a297233af39352025-08-20T02:47:18ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152025-06-0117792710.3390/v17070927H5N1 Avian Influenza: A Narrative Review of Scientific Advances and Global Policy ChallengesAlison Simancas-Racines0Claudia Reytor-González1Melannie Toral2Daniel Simancas-Racines3Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Carrera de Agropecuaria, Latacunga 050150, EcuadorUniversidad UTE, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Quito 170527, EcuadorUniversidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón 090150, EcuadorUniversidad UTE, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Quito 170527, EcuadorThe H5N1 avian influenza virus continues to evolve into genetically diverse and highly pathogenic clades with increased potential for cross-species transmission. Recent scientific advances have included the development of next-generation vaccine platforms, promising antiviral compounds, and more sensitive diagnostic tools, alongside strengthened surveillance systems in both animals and humans. However, persistent structural challenges hinder global readiness. Vaccine production is heavily concentrated in high-income countries, limiting equitable access during potential pandemics. Economic and logistical barriers complicate the implementation of control strategies such as vaccination, culling, and compensation schemes. Gaps in international coordination, public communication, and standardization of protocols further exacerbate vulnerabilities. Although sustained human-to-human transmission has not been documented, the severity of confirmed infections and the rapid global spread among wildlife and domestic animals underscore the urgent need for robust preparedness. International organizations have called for comprehensive pandemic response plans, enhanced multisectoral collaboration, and investment in targeted research. Priorities include expanding surveillance to asymptomatic animal hosts, evaluating viral shedding and transmission routes, and developing strain-specific and universal vaccines. Strengthening global cooperation and public health infrastructure will be critical to mitigate the growing threat of H5N1 and reduce the risk of a future influenza pandemic.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/7/927avian influenza H5N1zoonotic transmissionOne Healthpandemic preparednesssustainable health systems |
| spellingShingle | Alison Simancas-Racines Claudia Reytor-González Melannie Toral Daniel Simancas-Racines H5N1 Avian Influenza: A Narrative Review of Scientific Advances and Global Policy Challenges Viruses avian influenza H5N1 zoonotic transmission One Health pandemic preparedness sustainable health systems |
| title | H5N1 Avian Influenza: A Narrative Review of Scientific Advances and Global Policy Challenges |
| title_full | H5N1 Avian Influenza: A Narrative Review of Scientific Advances and Global Policy Challenges |
| title_fullStr | H5N1 Avian Influenza: A Narrative Review of Scientific Advances and Global Policy Challenges |
| title_full_unstemmed | H5N1 Avian Influenza: A Narrative Review of Scientific Advances and Global Policy Challenges |
| title_short | H5N1 Avian Influenza: A Narrative Review of Scientific Advances and Global Policy Challenges |
| title_sort | h5n1 avian influenza a narrative review of scientific advances and global policy challenges |
| topic | avian influenza H5N1 zoonotic transmission One Health pandemic preparedness sustainable health systems |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/7/927 |
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