Sidelobe Level Suppression in Linear and Planar Phased Arrays Using Grey Wolf Optimization With Local Search Refinements
Phased array antennas play a critical role in satellite communication systems, where minimizing peak sidelobe levels (PSLL) is essential to prevent interference and enhance signal quality. This paper presents a novel hybrid optimization approach, grey wolf optimizer with Nelder-Mead local search (GW...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Muhammad Athallah Adriansyah Aditya Inzani Wahdiyat Ismi Rosyiana Fitri Noor Asniza Murad Catur Apriono |
| author_facet | Muhammad Athallah Adriansyah Aditya Inzani Wahdiyat Ismi Rosyiana Fitri Noor Asniza Murad Catur Apriono |
| author_sort | Muhammad Athallah Adriansyah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Phased array antennas play a critical role in satellite communication systems, where minimizing peak sidelobe levels (PSLL) is essential to prevent interference and enhance signal quality. This paper presents a novel hybrid optimization approach, grey wolf optimizer with Nelder-Mead local search (GWO-NM), to suppress PSLL effectively in both linear antenna arrays (LAA) and planar antenna arrays (PAA). The proposed method combines the global search capability of grey wolf optimizer (GWO) with the Nelder-Mead local refinement to address the PSLL suppression challenge. The optimization process was applied to both 32-element and 100-element LAA, achieving PSLL reductions to −52.63 dB and −56.39 dB, respectively, and these results are also extended to the corresponding PAA configuration. The results were further validated through full-wave electromagnetic simulations in CST Microwave Studio 2024, considering practical effects such as mutual coupling and material losses. Also, this suppression comes with trade-offs, including a widened first null beamwidth from 18.34° to 19.78° for the 32-element arrays and from 6.47° to 9.71° for the 100-element arrays in both LAA and their corresponding PAA compared to the conventional algorithm, along with a marginal decrease of 0.5-1 dB in directivity observed in electromagnetic simulations. The GWO-NM algorithm outperformed other metaheuristic optimization techniques, including PSO, ACO, CSO, ABCO, and conventional GWO, demonstrating superior sidelobe suppression across different array configurations while maintaining an acceptable trade-off with other key radiation parameters. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e8c751d6b08942f08569d00758baa384 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj-art-e8c751d6b08942f08569d00758baa3842025-08-20T03:44:06ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-0113278182783210.1109/ACCESS.2025.354045610879277Sidelobe Level Suppression in Linear and Planar Phased Arrays Using Grey Wolf Optimization With Local Search RefinementsMuhammad Athallah Adriansyah0https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4377-4356Aditya Inzani Wahdiyat1Ismi Rosyiana Fitri2Noor Asniza Murad3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5685-3040Catur Apriono4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7843-6352Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, IndonesiaResearch Center for Electronics, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, IndonesiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, IndonesiaAdvance RF and Microwave Research Group (ARFMRG), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Johor, MalaysiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, IndonesiaPhased array antennas play a critical role in satellite communication systems, where minimizing peak sidelobe levels (PSLL) is essential to prevent interference and enhance signal quality. This paper presents a novel hybrid optimization approach, grey wolf optimizer with Nelder-Mead local search (GWO-NM), to suppress PSLL effectively in both linear antenna arrays (LAA) and planar antenna arrays (PAA). The proposed method combines the global search capability of grey wolf optimizer (GWO) with the Nelder-Mead local refinement to address the PSLL suppression challenge. The optimization process was applied to both 32-element and 100-element LAA, achieving PSLL reductions to −52.63 dB and −56.39 dB, respectively, and these results are also extended to the corresponding PAA configuration. The results were further validated through full-wave electromagnetic simulations in CST Microwave Studio 2024, considering practical effects such as mutual coupling and material losses. Also, this suppression comes with trade-offs, including a widened first null beamwidth from 18.34° to 19.78° for the 32-element arrays and from 6.47° to 9.71° for the 100-element arrays in both LAA and their corresponding PAA compared to the conventional algorithm, along with a marginal decrease of 0.5-1 dB in directivity observed in electromagnetic simulations. The GWO-NM algorithm outperformed other metaheuristic optimization techniques, including PSO, ACO, CSO, ABCO, and conventional GWO, demonstrating superior sidelobe suppression across different array configurations while maintaining an acceptable trade-off with other key radiation parameters.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10879277/Antenna arrayselectromagnetic simulationgrey wolf optimizerNelder-Mead simplex methodoptimization algorithmsphased array antennas |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Athallah Adriansyah Aditya Inzani Wahdiyat Ismi Rosyiana Fitri Noor Asniza Murad Catur Apriono Sidelobe Level Suppression in Linear and Planar Phased Arrays Using Grey Wolf Optimization With Local Search Refinements IEEE Access Antenna arrays electromagnetic simulation grey wolf optimizer Nelder-Mead simplex method optimization algorithms phased array antennas |
| title | Sidelobe Level Suppression in Linear and Planar Phased Arrays Using Grey Wolf Optimization With Local Search Refinements |
| title_full | Sidelobe Level Suppression in Linear and Planar Phased Arrays Using Grey Wolf Optimization With Local Search Refinements |
| title_fullStr | Sidelobe Level Suppression in Linear and Planar Phased Arrays Using Grey Wolf Optimization With Local Search Refinements |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sidelobe Level Suppression in Linear and Planar Phased Arrays Using Grey Wolf Optimization With Local Search Refinements |
| title_short | Sidelobe Level Suppression in Linear and Planar Phased Arrays Using Grey Wolf Optimization With Local Search Refinements |
| title_sort | sidelobe level suppression in linear and planar phased arrays using grey wolf optimization with local search refinements |
| topic | Antenna arrays electromagnetic simulation grey wolf optimizer Nelder-Mead simplex method optimization algorithms phased array antennas |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10879277/ |
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