The Use of D-Optimal Mixture Design in Optimising Okara Soap Formulation for Stratum Corneum Application
Okara, soybean waste from tofu and soymilk production, was utilised as a natural antioxidant in soap formulation for stratum corneum application. D-optimal mixture design was employed to investigate the influence of the main compositions of okara soap containing different fatty acid and oils (virgin...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2014-01-01
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| Series: | The Scientific World Journal |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/173979 |
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| author | Farrah Payyadhah Borhan Siti Salwa Abd Gani Rosnah Shamsuddin |
| author_facet | Farrah Payyadhah Borhan Siti Salwa Abd Gani Rosnah Shamsuddin |
| author_sort | Farrah Payyadhah Borhan |
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| description | Okara, soybean waste from tofu and soymilk production, was utilised as a natural antioxidant in soap formulation for stratum corneum application. D-optimal mixture design was employed to investigate the influence of the main compositions of okara soap containing different fatty acid and oils (virgin coconut oil A (24–28% w/w), olive oil B (15–20% w/w), palm oil C (6–10% w/w), castor oil D (15–20% w/w), cocoa butter E (6–10% w/w), and okara F (2–7% w/w)) by saponification process on the response hardness of the soap. The experimental data were utilized to carry out analysis of variance (ANOVA) and to develop a polynomial regression model for okara soap hardness in terms of the six design factors considered in this study. Results revealed that the best mixture was the formulation that included 26.537% A, 19.999% B, 9.998% C, 16.241% D, 7.633% E, and 7.000% F. The results proved that the difference in the level of fatty acid and oils in the formulation significantly affects the hardness of soap. Depending on the desirable level of those six variables, creation of okara based soap with desirable properties better than those of commercial ones is possible. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e88b09cb15884b9e9db4768b32be815e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2356-6140 1537-744X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2014-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Scientific World Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-e88b09cb15884b9e9db4768b32be815e2025-02-03T01:12:39ZengWileyThe Scientific World Journal2356-61401537-744X2014-01-01201410.1155/2014/173979173979The Use of D-Optimal Mixture Design in Optimising Okara Soap Formulation for Stratum Corneum ApplicationFarrah Payyadhah Borhan0Siti Salwa Abd Gani1Rosnah Shamsuddin2Halal Product Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Putra Infoport, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaHalal Product Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Putra Infoport, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaOkara, soybean waste from tofu and soymilk production, was utilised as a natural antioxidant in soap formulation for stratum corneum application. D-optimal mixture design was employed to investigate the influence of the main compositions of okara soap containing different fatty acid and oils (virgin coconut oil A (24–28% w/w), olive oil B (15–20% w/w), palm oil C (6–10% w/w), castor oil D (15–20% w/w), cocoa butter E (6–10% w/w), and okara F (2–7% w/w)) by saponification process on the response hardness of the soap. The experimental data were utilized to carry out analysis of variance (ANOVA) and to develop a polynomial regression model for okara soap hardness in terms of the six design factors considered in this study. Results revealed that the best mixture was the formulation that included 26.537% A, 19.999% B, 9.998% C, 16.241% D, 7.633% E, and 7.000% F. The results proved that the difference in the level of fatty acid and oils in the formulation significantly affects the hardness of soap. Depending on the desirable level of those six variables, creation of okara based soap with desirable properties better than those of commercial ones is possible.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/173979 |
| spellingShingle | Farrah Payyadhah Borhan Siti Salwa Abd Gani Rosnah Shamsuddin The Use of D-Optimal Mixture Design in Optimising Okara Soap Formulation for Stratum Corneum Application The Scientific World Journal |
| title | The Use of D-Optimal Mixture Design in Optimising Okara Soap Formulation for Stratum Corneum Application |
| title_full | The Use of D-Optimal Mixture Design in Optimising Okara Soap Formulation for Stratum Corneum Application |
| title_fullStr | The Use of D-Optimal Mixture Design in Optimising Okara Soap Formulation for Stratum Corneum Application |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Use of D-Optimal Mixture Design in Optimising Okara Soap Formulation for Stratum Corneum Application |
| title_short | The Use of D-Optimal Mixture Design in Optimising Okara Soap Formulation for Stratum Corneum Application |
| title_sort | use of d optimal mixture design in optimising okara soap formulation for stratum corneum application |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/173979 |
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