Graphene-based metasurface: dynamic optical control in ultrathin flat optics

Graphene hosts massless Dirac fermions owing to its linear electronic band structure. This distinctive feature underpins its extraordinary electronic properties, correlating to strong light–matter interactions on an extreme subwavelength scale. Over the past decade, intensive investigations have tra...

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Main Authors: Baek Soojeong, Son Hyeji, Park Hyunwoo, Park Hyeongi, Lee Jaeyeong, Jeong Sodam, Shim Jae-Eon, Park Jagang, Kim Teun-Teun
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: De Gruyter 2025-04-01
Series:Nanophotonics
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0052
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author Baek Soojeong
Son Hyeji
Park Hyunwoo
Park Hyeongi
Lee Jaeyeong
Jeong Sodam
Shim Jae-Eon
Park Jagang
Kim Teun-Teun
author_facet Baek Soojeong
Son Hyeji
Park Hyunwoo
Park Hyeongi
Lee Jaeyeong
Jeong Sodam
Shim Jae-Eon
Park Jagang
Kim Teun-Teun
author_sort Baek Soojeong
collection DOAJ
description Graphene hosts massless Dirac fermions owing to its linear electronic band structure. This distinctive feature underpins its extraordinary electronic properties, correlating to strong light–matter interactions on an extreme subwavelength scale. Over the past decade, intensive investigations have transitioned from fundamental graphene’s optical properties to practical application with the integration of graphene into metasurfaces, opening a new era of active flat optics. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of graphene-based metasurfaces, beginning with the intrinsic link between graphene’s optical response and its electronic properties. We highlight the development of actively tunable platforms and devices, including efficient modulators, high-sensitivity detectors, and advanced biosensing systems. We also discuss emerging approaches that enable ultrafast all-optical modulation and ultracompact device footprints, pushing the boundaries of performance. Finally, we explore the transformative prospects of non-Hermitian physics and inverse design strategies as novel frameworks for optimizing metasurface configurations. By synergizing graphene’s intrinsic tunability with innovative design methodologies, graphene-based metasurfaces hold immense potential to bridge the gap between fundamental science and real-world applications, defining a new frontier in next-generation photonic technologies.
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spelling doaj-art-e8584f4d7d3b411abda9c79927b192542025-08-20T03:20:13ZengDe GruyterNanophotonics2192-86142025-04-0114122103213210.1515/nanoph-2025-0052Graphene-based metasurface: dynamic optical control in ultrathin flat opticsBaek Soojeong0Son Hyeji1Park Hyunwoo2Park Hyeongi3Lee Jaeyeong4Jeong Sodam5Shim Jae-Eon6Park Jagang7Kim Teun-Teun8Department of Physics, 35029University of Ulsan, Ulsan44610, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Physics, 35029University of Ulsan, Ulsan44610, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Physics, 35029University of Ulsan, Ulsan44610, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Physics, 35029University of Ulsan, Ulsan44610, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Physics, 35029University of Ulsan, Ulsan44610, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Physics, 35029University of Ulsan, Ulsan44610, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Physics, 35029University of Ulsan, Ulsan44610, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USADepartment of Physics, 35029University of Ulsan, Ulsan44610, Republic of KoreaGraphene hosts massless Dirac fermions owing to its linear electronic band structure. This distinctive feature underpins its extraordinary electronic properties, correlating to strong light–matter interactions on an extreme subwavelength scale. Over the past decade, intensive investigations have transitioned from fundamental graphene’s optical properties to practical application with the integration of graphene into metasurfaces, opening a new era of active flat optics. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of graphene-based metasurfaces, beginning with the intrinsic link between graphene’s optical response and its electronic properties. We highlight the development of actively tunable platforms and devices, including efficient modulators, high-sensitivity detectors, and advanced biosensing systems. We also discuss emerging approaches that enable ultrafast all-optical modulation and ultracompact device footprints, pushing the boundaries of performance. Finally, we explore the transformative prospects of non-Hermitian physics and inverse design strategies as novel frameworks for optimizing metasurface configurations. By synergizing graphene’s intrinsic tunability with innovative design methodologies, graphene-based metasurfaces hold immense potential to bridge the gap between fundamental science and real-world applications, defining a new frontier in next-generation photonic technologies.https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0052graphene-based metasurfaceslight–matter interactionactive optical devicesreconfigurable optical propertiesactive flat optics
spellingShingle Baek Soojeong
Son Hyeji
Park Hyunwoo
Park Hyeongi
Lee Jaeyeong
Jeong Sodam
Shim Jae-Eon
Park Jagang
Kim Teun-Teun
Graphene-based metasurface: dynamic optical control in ultrathin flat optics
Nanophotonics
graphene-based metasurfaces
light–matter interaction
active optical devices
reconfigurable optical properties
active flat optics
title Graphene-based metasurface: dynamic optical control in ultrathin flat optics
title_full Graphene-based metasurface: dynamic optical control in ultrathin flat optics
title_fullStr Graphene-based metasurface: dynamic optical control in ultrathin flat optics
title_full_unstemmed Graphene-based metasurface: dynamic optical control in ultrathin flat optics
title_short Graphene-based metasurface: dynamic optical control in ultrathin flat optics
title_sort graphene based metasurface dynamic optical control in ultrathin flat optics
topic graphene-based metasurfaces
light–matter interaction
active optical devices
reconfigurable optical properties
active flat optics
url https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0052
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