Mpox (Monkeypox): A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Epidemiology, Transmission, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Introduction: The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge about mpox (monkeypox), its etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted...
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| Format: | Article |
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Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Quality in Sport |
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| Online Access: | https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/62336 |
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| author | Urszula Mazur Paulina Ogonowska Julia Waszak Grzegorz Adaśko Michał Świda Jakub Bazarewicz Anna Michalska Marcin Siwik Cezary Kubuj Daniel Dmowski |
| author_facet | Urszula Mazur Paulina Ogonowska Julia Waszak Grzegorz Adaśko Michał Świda Jakub Bazarewicz Anna Michalska Marcin Siwik Cezary Kubuj Daniel Dmowski |
| author_sort | Urszula Mazur |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description |
Introduction: The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge about mpox (monkeypox), its etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted in the PubMed database using the keywords: “monkeypox”, “mpox”, “MPXV”, “tecovirimat”, “VIGIV”, “brincidofovir”, and “cidofovir”. We also used institutional websites: World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Public Health England (PHE), and European Medicines Agency (EMA). All online resources were accessed in May 2025 and verified to be the most up-to-date at the time of analysis.
Summary: Mpox (monkeypox) is a zoonotic disease endemic in some regions of Central and West Africa. It is caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV). In May 2022, a large outbreak involving most EU/EEA (The European Union/European Economic Area) countries was announced. The mpox symptoms are divided into two phases: the prodrome (1 to 5 days) and the rash. The chosen method for detecting MPXV is nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), such as real-time or conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For most patients, treatment is mainly supportive and symptomatic. Antiviral therapies such as tecovirimat, brincidofovir, cidofovir or vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (VIGIV) are reserved for patients with severe disease or those at high risk of complications. Mpox prevention includes isolation, public health control measures, and vaccination (both pre-and post-exposure).
Conclusions: Accurate recognition of mpox symptoms is crucial to helping control outbreaks. Swift diagnosis, surveillance, and access to treatments and vaccines are keys to effective management.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e82fc081ff12405c9f19a8e99abc16c8 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2450-3118 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Quality in Sport |
| spelling | doaj-art-e82fc081ff12405c9f19a8e99abc16c82025-08-20T03:50:54ZengNicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńQuality in Sport2450-31182025-07-014310.12775/QS.2025.43.62336Mpox (Monkeypox): A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Epidemiology, Transmission, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Treatment, and PreventionUrszula Mazur0https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1645-3479Paulina Ogonowska1https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3766-9985Julia Waszak2https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8725-7049Grzegorz Adaśko3https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6426-8636Michał Świda4https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6101-7324Jakub Bazarewicz5https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6137-4366Anna Michalska6https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1806-7699Marcin Siwik7https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5621-1048Cezary Kubuj8https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1578-8541Daniel Dmowski9https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2399-1342Pomeranian Hospitals LLC: Polish Red Cross Maritime Hospital, Gdynia, PolandPomeranian Hospitals LLC:St. Vincent’s de Paul Hospital ul. Wójta Radtkego 1, Gdynia, PolandPomeranian Hospitals LLC:Polish Red Cross Maritime Hospital, Gdynia PolandAutonomous Public Health Maintenance Organisation Jędrzej Śniadecki Voivodship Polyclinical Hospital in Białystok, PolandUniversity Clinical Hospital in Bialystok M. C. Skłodowskiej 24a, Białystok, PolandAutonomous Public Health Maintenance Organisation Jędrzej Śniadecki Voivodship Polyclinical Hospital, Białystok, PolandAutonomous Public Health Maintenance Organisation Jędrzej Śniadecki Voivodship Polyclinical Hospital in Białystok, Poland10. Military Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic in Bydgoszcz, PolandMiedzyleski Specialist Hospital in Warsaw, PolandAutonomous Public Health Maintenance Organisation Jędrzej Śniadecki Voivodship Polyclinical Hospital in Białystok, Poland Introduction: The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge about mpox (monkeypox), its etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted in the PubMed database using the keywords: “monkeypox”, “mpox”, “MPXV”, “tecovirimat”, “VIGIV”, “brincidofovir”, and “cidofovir”. We also used institutional websites: World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Public Health England (PHE), and European Medicines Agency (EMA). All online resources were accessed in May 2025 and verified to be the most up-to-date at the time of analysis. Summary: Mpox (monkeypox) is a zoonotic disease endemic in some regions of Central and West Africa. It is caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV). In May 2022, a large outbreak involving most EU/EEA (The European Union/European Economic Area) countries was announced. The mpox symptoms are divided into two phases: the prodrome (1 to 5 days) and the rash. The chosen method for detecting MPXV is nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), such as real-time or conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For most patients, treatment is mainly supportive and symptomatic. Antiviral therapies such as tecovirimat, brincidofovir, cidofovir or vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (VIGIV) are reserved for patients with severe disease or those at high risk of complications. Mpox prevention includes isolation, public health control measures, and vaccination (both pre-and post-exposure). Conclusions: Accurate recognition of mpox symptoms is crucial to helping control outbreaks. Swift diagnosis, surveillance, and access to treatments and vaccines are keys to effective management. https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/62336monkeypoxmpoxzoonosisemerging infectious diseases |
| spellingShingle | Urszula Mazur Paulina Ogonowska Julia Waszak Grzegorz Adaśko Michał Świda Jakub Bazarewicz Anna Michalska Marcin Siwik Cezary Kubuj Daniel Dmowski Mpox (Monkeypox): A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Epidemiology, Transmission, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Quality in Sport monkeypox mpox zoonosis emerging infectious diseases |
| title | Mpox (Monkeypox): A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Epidemiology, Transmission, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention |
| title_full | Mpox (Monkeypox): A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Epidemiology, Transmission, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention |
| title_fullStr | Mpox (Monkeypox): A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Epidemiology, Transmission, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mpox (Monkeypox): A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Epidemiology, Transmission, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention |
| title_short | Mpox (Monkeypox): A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Epidemiology, Transmission, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention |
| title_sort | mpox monkeypox a comprehensive review of etiology epidemiology transmission clinical presentation diagnosis treatment and prevention |
| topic | monkeypox mpox zoonosis emerging infectious diseases |
| url | https://apcz.umk.pl/QS/article/view/62336 |
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