Lateral Performance of Monopile Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines in Clay Soils: A Finite Element Investigation

The continued upscaling of offshore wind turbines (OWTs) necessitates the development of foundation systems capable of sustaining increased lateral loads. As monopiles remain the most widely used foundation type for OWTs, a detailed investigation into their lateral behavior and soil flow under opera...

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Main Author: Yazeed A. Alsharedah
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/13/7/1222
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author Yazeed A. Alsharedah
author_facet Yazeed A. Alsharedah
author_sort Yazeed A. Alsharedah
collection DOAJ
description The continued upscaling of offshore wind turbines (OWTs) necessitates the development of foundation systems capable of sustaining increased lateral loads. As monopiles remain the most widely used foundation type for OWTs, a detailed investigation into their lateral behavior and soil flow under operational loading is warranted. This study utilized a nonlinear three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) to assess the lateral performance of monopiles supporting a 5 MW turbine in clayey soils. The results revealed that the lateral capacity and deformation behavior are governed primarily by soil shear strength and the monopile’s length-to-diameter ratio (L/D). In softer soils, increasing the L/D ratio led to notable enhancements in lateral resistance, up to fivefold, as well as significant reductions in pile head displacement and rotation. In contrasts, monopiles in stiff clay exhibited distinct failure patterns and less sensitivity to L/D variations. Soil deformation patterns at the ultimate state varied depending on stiffness, indicating distinct failure mechanisms in soft and stiff clays. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating realistic soil behavior and geometric influences in monopile foundation design for large OWTs.
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spelling doaj-art-e80f69219f2e460daf3d0f64076a25842025-08-20T02:45:52ZengMDPI AGJournal of Marine Science and Engineering2077-13122025-06-01137122210.3390/jmse13071222Lateral Performance of Monopile Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines in Clay Soils: A Finite Element InvestigationYazeed A. Alsharedah0Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah 52541, Qassim, Saudi ArabiaThe continued upscaling of offshore wind turbines (OWTs) necessitates the development of foundation systems capable of sustaining increased lateral loads. As monopiles remain the most widely used foundation type for OWTs, a detailed investigation into their lateral behavior and soil flow under operational loading is warranted. This study utilized a nonlinear three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) to assess the lateral performance of monopiles supporting a 5 MW turbine in clayey soils. The results revealed that the lateral capacity and deformation behavior are governed primarily by soil shear strength and the monopile’s length-to-diameter ratio (L/D). In softer soils, increasing the L/D ratio led to notable enhancements in lateral resistance, up to fivefold, as well as significant reductions in pile head displacement and rotation. In contrasts, monopiles in stiff clay exhibited distinct failure patterns and less sensitivity to L/D variations. Soil deformation patterns at the ultimate state varied depending on stiffness, indicating distinct failure mechanisms in soft and stiff clays. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating realistic soil behavior and geometric influences in monopile foundation design for large OWTs.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/13/7/1222offshore wind turbinesmonopile foundationssoil–structure interactionlateral loadingfinite element analysis
spellingShingle Yazeed A. Alsharedah
Lateral Performance of Monopile Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines in Clay Soils: A Finite Element Investigation
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
offshore wind turbines
monopile foundations
soil–structure interaction
lateral loading
finite element analysis
title Lateral Performance of Monopile Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines in Clay Soils: A Finite Element Investigation
title_full Lateral Performance of Monopile Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines in Clay Soils: A Finite Element Investigation
title_fullStr Lateral Performance of Monopile Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines in Clay Soils: A Finite Element Investigation
title_full_unstemmed Lateral Performance of Monopile Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines in Clay Soils: A Finite Element Investigation
title_short Lateral Performance of Monopile Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines in Clay Soils: A Finite Element Investigation
title_sort lateral performance of monopile foundations for offshore wind turbines in clay soils a finite element investigation
topic offshore wind turbines
monopile foundations
soil–structure interaction
lateral loading
finite element analysis
url https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/13/7/1222
work_keys_str_mv AT yazeedaalsharedah lateralperformanceofmonopilefoundationsforoffshorewindturbinesinclaysoilsafiniteelementinvestigation