Long-Term Trends in PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and Trace Elements in Ambient Air: Environmental and Health Risks from 2020 to 2024

Long-Term Trends in PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and Trace Elements in Ambient Air: Environmental and Health Risks from 2020 to 2024

This study aimed to assess the long-term trends in PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and hazardous trace elements in Makkah from 2020 to 2024, evaluating seasonal variations, health risks, and potential mitigation strategies. The results indicated that the PM<sub>10<...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Heba M. Adly, Saleh A. K. Saleh
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:	Atmosphere
Subjects:	air pollution fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) coarse particulate matter (PM<sub>10</sub>) trace elements health impacts
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/4/415
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